--- title: Is school bullying linked to premenstrual disorders in adolescent girls? description: Yes, bullied girls were 3.15 times more likely to have premenstrual disorders. Social and verbal bullying had the strongest links. url: https://niyora.com/research/papers/association-between-different-types-of-school-bullying-and-premenstrual-2025/ --- - [Niyora](https://niyora.com/) - [Research](https://niyora.com/research/) - [Library](https://niyora.com/research/library/) - Is school bullying linked to premenstrual disorders in adolescent girls? Survey study, 2025 # Is school bullying linked to premenstrual disorders in adolescent girls? Yes, bullied girls were 3.15 times more likely to have premenstrual disorders. Social and verbal bullying had the strongest links. Early or limited evidence 10,042 menstruating girls, mean age 15.0 years ## What they did Researchers analyzed 10,042 menstruating girls with a mean age of 15.0 years. They measured school bullying and identified girls who met criteria for premenstrual syndrome or premenstrual dysphoric disorder. ## What they found 21% of girls met criteria for possible premenstrual disorders. Bullied girls were 3.15 times more likely to have these disorders. Social bullying was the strongest link (3.24 times), followed by verbal bullying (3.18 times), cyberbullying (3.00 times), and physical bullying (2.45 times). The link was stronger for PMDD than PMS. ## What it means for you School bullying, especially verbal and social bullying, is strongly linked to premenstrual disorders in adolescent girls. Preventing bullying during adolescence may reduce risk of these disorders. This is a snapshot study, so we cannot prove bullying causes premenstrual disorders. Other factors could explain both. 10042 girls studied 21% had possible premenstrual disorders 3.15 increased likelihood if bullied ## About the study Original title Association between different types of school bullying and premenstrual disorders: A cross-sectional analysis of 10,042 girls Authors Liao X, Li Y, Wan X et al. Journal Journal of affective disorders Year 2025 Study design Survey study Participants 10,042 What was tested School bullying assessment Open access Yes Read the paper [doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2025.02.082](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2025.02.082) Original abstract Background: School bullying is associated with premenstrual disorders (PMDs) in adulthood, but its relationship with PMDs in adolescent girls needs further investigation. Methods: We analyzed 10,042 menstruating girls for PMDs using the modified version of Calendar of Premenstrual Experiences and the Delaware Bullying Victimization Scale-Student for school bullying. Multivariable logistic regression revealed the associations between school bullying and PMDs, including premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and more severe form - premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD). Besides, we performed stratified analyses by adding interaction terms between bullying and depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) separately among girls with and without psychiatric comorbidities. Results: At a mean age of 15.0 years (standard deviation = 1.77), 2145 (21 %) girls met the criteria of possible PMDs. Bullied girls had a higher likelihood of PMDs (OR 3.15 [2.75-3.60]). The association was most pronounced for social bullying (OR 3.24 [2.72-3.84]), followed by verbal bullying (OR 3.18 [2.76-3.68]), cyberbullying (OR 3.00 [2.26-3.99]), and physical bullying (OR 2.45 [1.93-3.09]). A stronger association was observed for PMDD than for PMS, and among girls without than those with psychiatric comorbidities.. Limitations: This is a cross-sectional survey, and residual confounding such as BMI may exist though we addressed a number of confounders. Conclusions: Our findings indicate school bullying, particularly verbal and social bullying, is positively associated with PMDs in adolescent girls. Efforts to prevent school bullying during adolescence and study its long-term effects on PMDs are needed to reduce the risk of PMDs. Reproduced under CC-BY. ## Topics [Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)](https://niyora.com/research/topics/condition-pms/)[Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD)](https://niyora.com/research/topics/condition-pmdd/)[Low mood and depression](https://niyora.com/research/topics/symptom-depression-mood/)[Stress](https://niyora.com/research/topics/symptom-stress/)[PTSD and trauma](https://niyora.com/research/topics/comorbidity-ptsd-trauma/)[Students and academic performance](https://niyora.com/research/topics/life-area-education/)[Adolescents and young people](https://niyora.com/research/topics/life-area-adolescents/) Research tells you what helps on average. Niyora helps on the day it hits. Calm down, see it another way, and decide what to say, with a PMS and PMDD app built by a doctor. ## Related studies Survey study, 2019 How common are PMS and PMDD in adolescent girls, and how much do they affect daily life? Survey study, 2019 How common is PMDD in teenage girls? Cohort study, 2004 What risk factors cause PMDD to develop? Survey study, 2026 Does self-injury or difficult childhood experiences increase PMDD risk in adolescents? Survey study, 2023 Is PMS or PMDD more common in girls who live in dormitories? Survey study, 2021 What factors are related to premenstrual syndrome in high school students? Ask AI about this page Copy prompt ChatGPT ↗ Claude ↗ Perplexity ↗ Google AI Mode ↗ Grok ↗