--- title: Does a mother's overprotection affect whether someone develops premenstrual disorder? description: Maternal overprotection was among the top factors the machine learning model identified as associated with moderate-to-severe PMS or PMDD. This suggests paren url: https://niyora.com/research/papers/association-between-maternal-overprotection-and-premenstrual-disorder-a-machine-2025/ --- - [Niyora](https://niyora.com/) - [Research](https://niyora.com/research/) - [Library](https://niyora.com/research/library/) - Does a mother's overprotection affect whether someone develops premenstrual disorder? Survey study, 2025 # Does a mother's overprotection affect whether someone develops premenstrual disorder? Maternal overprotection was among the top factors the machine learning model identified as associated with moderate-to-severe PMS or PMDD. This suggests parenting style may play a role, but this is exploratory research that needs follow-up studies. Early or limited evidence 60 Japanese participants (58 analyzed), assessed during their follicular and luteal phases. ## What they did Researchers collected questionnaire responses and heart rate data from 60 women during their follicular and luteal phases. They used machine learning to identify which factors were most important for predicting moderate-to-severe PMS or PMDD, including parental bonding experiences. ## What they found Of 58 women analyzed, 17 had moderate-to-severe PMS or PMDD and 41 did not. Maternal bonding characteristics, particularly maternal overprotection, were among the top 20 most important features the model used to predict PMS status. The model was quite accurate with an area under the curve of 0.90. ## What it means for you This exploratory study suggests parental bonding, especially maternal overprotection, may be related to PMS. However, it only measured each woman once across one cycle, and machine learning predictions do not prove cause and effect. 60 participants 17 with moderate-to-severe PMS or PMDD 0.90 model accuracy (area under curve) ## About the study Original title Association between maternal overprotection and premenstrual disorder: a machine learning based exploratory study Authors Tsuyuki K, Egawa M, Ohsuga T et al. Journal BioPsychoSocial medicine Year 2025 Study design Survey study Participants 60 What was tested None, observational study using machine learning analysis. Open access Yes Read the paper [doi.org/10.1186/s13030-025-00326-y](https://doi.org/10.1186/s13030-025-00326-y) Original abstract Background: Premenstrual disorder (PMD), which includes premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disorder, has a complex pathogenesis and may be closely related to emotional cognition and memory. However, the mechanisms underlying these associations remain unclear. Therefore, this study used machine learning to explore the roles of various factors that are not typically considered risk-factors for PMD. Methods: A predictive model for PMD was constructed using a dataset of questionnaire responses and heartrate variability data collected from 60 participants during their follicular and luteal phases. Based on the Japanese version of the Premenstrual Symptom Screening Tool, the binary objective variable (PMD status) was defined as "PMD" for moderate-to-severe premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disorder and other conditions as "non-PMD." The contribution of each feature to the predictive model was assessed using the Shapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) model-interpretation framework. Results: Of the 58 participants (providing 117 data points), 17 (34 data points) were in the PMD group and 41 (83 data points) were in the non-PMD group. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.90 (95% confidence interval: 0.82-0.98). Among the top 20 features with the highest SHAP values, six were associated with maternal bonding. Four of the six mother-related characteristics were associated with overprotection. Conclusions: Based on these findings, parental bonding experiences, including maternal overprotection, may be associated with the presence of PMD. Reproduced under CC-BY. ## Topics [Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)](https://niyora.com/research/topics/condition-pms/)[Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD)](https://niyora.com/research/topics/condition-pmdd/)[Low mood and depression](https://niyora.com/research/topics/symptom-depression-mood/)[Cognition, concentration and memory](https://niyora.com/research/topics/symptom-cognition/) Research tells you what helps on average. Niyora helps on the day it hits. Calm down, see it another way, and decide what to say, with a PMS and PMDD app built by a doctor. ## Related studies Review, 2024 What are the most effective treatments for PMDD? Systematic review, 2024 Do SSRI antidepressants help treat PMS and PMDD? Cohort study, 2023 Is PMDD a valid medical diagnosis? Survey study, 2020 What symptoms best predict whether PMDD will seriously affect daily life? Randomised trial, 2019 Does online cognitive behavioral therapy help women with PMDD? Review, 2017 What causes PMDD and what are the best treatments? Ask AI about this page Copy prompt ChatGPT ↗ Claude ↗ Perplexity ↗ Google AI Mode ↗ Grok ↗