---
title: What social and life factors are linked to PMS? | Niyora
description: Women with PMS were more likely to have higher education and work in intellectual jobs. They were also more likely to have divorced, especially if they had me
url: https://niyora.com/research/papers/social-background-of-premenstrual-syndrome-2014/
---

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- What social and life factors are linked to PMS?

Study, 2014

# What social and life factors are linked to PMS?

Women with PMS were more likely to have higher education and work in intellectual jobs. They were also more likely to have divorced, especially if they had mental health conditions. Smoking and living in cities were not linked to PMS.

 Early or limited evidence

200 women with PMS

## What they did

Studied 200 women with PMS to examine their social backgrounds. Collected information about education level, type of occupation, smoking status, where they lived (big city or not), and their relationship history including divorce.

## What they found

Higher education was linked to increased risk of PMS. Intellectual occupations were also linked to increased risk. Divorce rates were higher among women with PMS, especially those who also had mental health conditions. Smoking and living in big cities were not linked to PMS.

## What it means for you

Women with more education and intellectual jobs may be at higher risk for PMS, though we don't know why. Mental health conditions may also be a factor. This study only looked at women with PMS, so we cannot directly compare them to women without PMS to understand the link.

200

Women with PMS studied

## About the study

Original title Social background of premenstrual syndrome Authors Lyudmyla V. Pakharenko Journal Bukovinian Medical Herald Year 2014 Study design Study Participants 200 Open access Yes Read the paper [doi.org/10.24061/2413-0737.xviii.4.72.2014.202](https://doi.org/10.24061/2413-0737.xviii.4.72.2014.202) Original abstract

The study involved 200 women with premenstrual syndrome (PMS). It was established that women with PMS tend to have increased number of divorces (χ2=2,37, p=0,12, OR=5,44, 95% CI 0,71-41,58, p=0,10), which is especially typical for women with neuropsychic diseases (χ2=5,99, p=0,01, OR=10,79, 95 % CI 1,36-85,47, p=0,02). Such factors as higher education (χ2=8,57, p=0,003, OR=2,67, 95 % CI 1,41-5,03, p=0,002) and intellectual occupation (χ2=4,29, p=0,04, OR=2,03, 95% CI 1,08-3,80, p=0,03) can be considered as markers of increased risk of PMS, which are most typical for neuropsychic diseases. Our study did not confirm the role of smoking and living in big cities as risk factors of this neuroendocrine syndrome.

Reproduced under CC-BY.

## Topics

[Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)](https://niyora.com/research/topics/condition-pms/)

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