---
title: How does the menstrual cycle affect mood and development, especially in adolescents?
description: Menstrual cycle-related symptoms may trigger developmental challenges that worsen mood symptoms in adolescent girls and have long-term effects. Individual res
url: https://niyora.com/research/papers/the-menstrual-cycle-response-and-developmental-affective-risk-model-a-multilevel-2017/
---

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- How does the menstrual cycle affect mood and development, especially in adolescents?

Review, 2017

# How does the menstrual cycle affect mood and development, especially in adolescents?

Menstrual cycle-related symptoms may trigger developmental challenges that worsen mood symptoms in adolescent girls and have long-term effects. Individual responses to hormones vary greatly, so each woman's experience differs.

 Early or limited evidence

Adolescent girls and women (theoretical model)

## What they did

Development of a theoretical model explaining how menstrual cycle changes affect mood and development in adolescents and young adults.

## What they found

Individual differences in response to reproductive steroids are very large and require analysis of individual responses rather than group-level trends. The menstrual cycle represents a complex set of biological, physical, psychological, behavioral, and social changes. Menstrual cycle effects during adolescence and early adulthood may have long-term developmental consequences. The model integrates specific menstrual cycle effects with contextual, social, and developmental variables.

## What it means for you

Not all women respond the same way to hormonal changes, so individual assessment is important. The menstrual cycle involves many types of changes beyond just hormones. Effects during adolescence may be particularly important for long-term outcomes. This is a theoretical framework that needs testing.

## About the study

Original title The Menstrual Cycle-Response and Developmental Affective-Risk Model: A multilevel and integrative model of influence Authors Kiesner J Journal Psychological review Year 2017 Study design Review What was tested None Read the paper [doi.org/10.1037/rev0000058](https://doi.org/10.1037/rev0000058)

## Topics

[Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)](https://niyora.com/research/topics/condition-pms/)[Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD)](https://niyora.com/research/topics/condition-pmdd/)[Menstrual cycle and mood](https://niyora.com/research/topics/condition-cycle-mood/)[Low mood and depression](https://niyora.com/research/topics/symptom-depression-mood/)[Major depressive disorder](https://niyora.com/research/topics/comorbidity-major-depression/)[Pregnancy and postpartum](https://niyora.com/research/topics/comorbidity-postpartum/)[Work and productivity](https://niyora.com/research/topics/life-area-work/)[Adolescents and young people](https://niyora.com/research/topics/life-area-adolescents/)

Research tells you what helps on average. Niyora helps on the day it hits.

Calm down, see it another way, and decide what to say, with a PMS and PMDD app built by a doctor.

## Related studies

Randomised trial, 2001

Do changing reproductive hormones disrupt the body's internal clock and cause mood disorders?

Review, 2019

How do brain changes during reproductive transitions cause depression in women?

Review, 2012

Is depression linked to hormonal changes during the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, and menopause?

Case-control study, 2004

Do menstrual characteristics and pregnancy history predict depression risk?

Review, 2002

Are women more likely to get depression, especially due to hormonal changes?

Cohort study, 1992

What role do hormones play in mood problems linked to the menstrual cycle?

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