--- title: Adolescents and young people: 890 studies, explained | Niyora description: 890 studies on adolescents and young people and PMS or PMDD, each summarised in plain English: what was tested, who took part, what they found and what it mea url: https://niyora.com/research/topics/life-area-adolescents/ --- - [Niyora](https://niyora.com/) - [Research](https://niyora.com/research/) - [Library](https://niyora.com/research/library/) - Adolescents and young people # Adolescents and young people: what the research says 890 studies on adolescents and young people in PMS and PMDD, each explained in plain English. 21 of them use the strongest designs: randomised trials and systematic reviews. Survey study 502 Non-randomised trial 75 Randomised trial 67 Cohort study 66 Study 61 Case-control study 29 Randomised trial, 2026 Does aerobic or resistance exercise reduce anxiety in women with PMS? Both aerobic and resistance exercise reduced anxiety and improved emotional control in women with PMS. Resistance exercise was superior to aerobic exercise for reducing anxiety. Randomised trial, 2025 Does mood, well-being, and sexual function change across the menstrual cycle? No, there were no meaningful changes in sexual function, mood, or well-being across menstrual cycle phases in healthy young women. Being in a stable relationship predicted better sexual function overall, but cycle phase did not. Cohort study, 2025 Are irregular menstrual cycles linked to lower thinking and memory skills in middle-aged women? Yes. Women with irregular cycles at ages 29-46 and women with very short cycles (25 days or less) at ages 18-22 both had slightly lower memory scores later in life. Cohort study, 2025 How common is PMS in Chinese teenage girls, and what factors are linked to it? About 1 in 4 Chinese girls (24.6%) has PMS. Higher stress, anger, alcohol use, menstrual cycles of 24 days or less, and period pain are all linked to increased PMS likelihood. Systematic review, 2025 Does alcohol use affect menstrual health in teenage girls? Yes. Alcohol use is linked to irregular periods, PMS, period pain, and early or unintended pregnancy in teenage girls, though more research is needed to prove alcohol directly causes these problems. Systematic review, 2025 Does teaching adolescent girls about their menstrual cycle and health help reduce period pain and PMS? Yes. A systematic review of five good-quality studies shows that psychoeducation (structured teaching) significantly reduced period pain and PMS symptoms and improved emotional wellbeing in adolescent girls. Cohort study, 2024 Does psychological distress in adolescence predict menstrual symptoms in adulthood? Yes. Women who had higher psychological distress at age 16 were significantly more likely to experience various menstrual symptoms at ages 16, 30, and 42. This is based on a large, long-term study. Randomised trial, 2024 Does curcumin-piperine combination improve antioxidant activity in women with PMS and period pain? Curcumin significantly increased free-radical scavenging activity in the blood compared to placebo. However, other antioxidant measures showed no difference, so the practical benefit is unclear. Systematic review, 2024 How common is premenstrual syndrome in Africa, and what factors increase the risk? About 47 percent of reproductive-age women in Africa experience PMS, which is high. Starting menstruation at an earlier age is a clear risk factor. Cohort study, 2024 Is there a link between sleep and menstrual problems in teenage girls? Yes. Girls who sleep less and have more sleep problems report worse menstrual pain, irregular periods, and more premenstrual symptoms. Guideline, 2023 What treatments work for PMS and PMDD? Many treatments work including medications, therapy, exercise, and supplements. The best choice depends on your symptoms and what you prefer. Randomised trial, 2023 Does zinc supplementation reduce PMS symptoms in women? Yes. Daily zinc supplementation for 24 weeks significantly reduced multiple PMS symptoms including anger, anxiety, depressed mood, and physical symptoms like breast tenderness and bloating compared to placebo. Cohort study, 2022 Does body size during childhood affect the risk of premenstrual disorders later? Yes. Girls with higher BMI in childhood and adolescence had higher risk of developing premenstrual disorders by young adulthood. This association remained even after accounting for depression, anxiety, and other mental health conditions. Randomised trial, 2022 Does curcumin with piperine reduce PMS symptoms by lowering inflammation? Curcumin combined with piperine significantly reduced a specific immune marker (IgE) related to inflammation, but did not change other immune markers. The effect on PMS symptoms was not directly measured. Cohort study, 2021 Does when you start puberty affect your risk of premenstrual disorders as an adult? Women who started menstruating later had lower risk of premenstrual disorders in adulthood. Women who had early pubic hair growth had higher risk of premenstrual disorders. Systematic review, 2021 How common is PMDD among female students in Ethiopia? PMDD is very common. About 54.5% of female students in Ethiopia have it, though prevalence estimates across studies ranged from 40.8% to 67.6%. Systematic review, 2020 How common is PMS among women of reproductive age in Ethiopia? PMS is very common. About 53% of women of reproductive age have it. Age at first period, menstrual pattern, and hormonal contraceptive use were not significantly associated with PMS. Systematic review, 2017 Does Vitex agnus castus help treat premenstrual syndrome? The meta-analysis found a large pooled effect of Vitex agnus castus compared to placebo, but the included studies have significant quality problems, publication bias, and very different results from each other, so we cannot confidently say it truly works. Cohort study, 2014 How common are PMS and dysmenorrhea in young women and do they change over time? Both are very common. PMS affected 80% of Australian women at some point over 13 years; dysmenorrhea affected 60%. Both tend to persist if present, but women follow different patterns: some have symptoms continuously, others develop them later, some recover, and some have them on and off. Randomised trial, 2009 Does longer sertraline treatment prevent PMS symptoms from returning? Yes. When women took sertraline for 12 months, 41% had symptoms return, compared to 60% who took it for only 4 months. Women with more severe symptoms at the start were much more likely to have symptoms come back. Randomised trial, 2004 Which low-dose birth control pill has better cycle control and fewer side effects? Both pills equally reduced period pain and PMS. One type (with desogestrel) had more stable bleeding patterns and less acne than the other (with levonorgestrel). Both were well tolerated overall. Survey study, 2026 Are menstrual characteristics linked to depression and anxiety in teenage girls? Yes. Girls with earlier periods, irregular cycles, long cycles, severe period pain, and worse premenstrual symptoms have higher depression and anxiety scores, and these links get stronger as girls get older. Randomised trial, 2026 Which works better for PMDD: cognitive-behavioral therapy or mindfulness-based cognitive therapy? Both therapies reduced stress and improved well-being in PMDD, with cognitive-behavioral therapy being more effective. However, neither significantly improved emotional well-being. Survey study, 2026 Do young women with PMS search online for health information more and develop health anxiety from it? Yes. Young women with PMS were more likely to search online for health information and reported higher health anxiety from internet searches. PMS severity remained linked to health anxiety even after accounting for stress and internet time. Non-randomised trial, 2026 Do dietary changes or sun exposure reduce PMS symptoms in adolescent girls? Yes. Both dietary intervention and sun exposure significantly reduced PMS symptoms compared to health education alone. Sun exposure was slightly more effective, with 52.3% of girls showing clinical improvement compared to 46.5% in the diet group. Survey study, 2026 What dietary, lifestyle, and psychological factors are associated with PMS in young women? Stress and sleep problems were independently associated with PMS. Diet and weight were not independently associated with PMS after accounting for other factors. This is a cross-sectional study, so these are associations, not proof of cause and effect. Survey study, 2026 Does diet affect PMS severity? Yes. Women eating a Western-style diet were 2.35 times more likely to have severe PMS than those with a healthy diet. Women eating very little food had up to 3 times higher odds of moderate or severe PMS. However, this does not prove diet causes PMS. Cohort study, 2026 Do early-life exposures like antibiotics or breastfeeding affect PMS risk? Yes. Long-term antibiotic use, earlier puberty, maternal smoking, and not being breastfed were linked to higher PMS odds. But only 0.07% of the study had PMS, so findings need careful interpretation. Lab study, 2026 Do core stability exercises help women with PMDD? Yes. After 8 weeks of core stability exercises, women with PMDD had reduced pain and improved ability to do daily activities. Randomised trial, 2026 Does pumpkin seed extract reduce PMS symptoms in teenage girls? Yes. Taking 500 mg of pumpkin seed extract twice daily for 10 days significantly reduced PMS symptoms more than taking it once daily or placebo. Non-randomised trial, 2026 Does video-guided digital menstrual exercise reduce PMS and period pain in adolescent girls? Yes. The exercise group was much more likely to have no PMS symptoms (74.3%) and no period pain (34.3%) compared to the control group. Review, 2026 How should doctors diagnose and treat PMDD? Doctors can treat PMDD with antidepressants (SSRIs) or birth control pills. The main challenge is that diagnosis is often difficult and delayed, especially for women with other mental health conditions. Survey study, 2026 What helps teenagers cope better with PMS? Social support and regular menstrual cycles are the strongest factors that help teenagers manage PMS. Teenagers who feel supported by others tend to use healthier coping strategies. Study, 2026 What coping strategies help women manage PMS symptoms? Many strategies help manage PMS: psychological and behavioral changes, lifestyle modifications, and complementary methods like yoga and meditation. Programs combining counseling, education, and lifestyle changes work best and have few side effects. Survey study, 2026 Is worry about climate change linked to worse PMS symptoms? Higher climate change anxiety was associated with worse PMS symptoms. Climate anxiety is just one of many factors affecting PMS severity. Survey study, 2026 How common are PMS and PMDD in teenagers, and can a new questionnaire measure their impact? Very common. 46.6% of teenage girls had moderate-to-severe PMS and 22.5% had PMDD. The questionnaire accurately measured how much their symptoms disrupted their daily lives and school. Cohort study, 2026 Which established risk factors genetically cause premenstrual disorder? Genetic analysis suggests three factors cause premenstrual disorder: earlier age at first period, higher BMI, and smoking. However, when tested in a smaller group, results were not consistent, so more research is needed to be sure. Case-control study, 2026 Do adolescents with heart disease have worse menstrual problems than healthy teenagers? Adolescents with congenital heart disease had similar menstrual cycles and period pain to healthy controls. However, healthy controls were significantly more likely to miss school due to period pain and experienced more premenstrual bloating, anxiety, and mood swings. Cohort study, 2026 In girls with familial Mediterranean fever, are menstrual symptoms disease flares or just period discomfort? In 38% of girls with this condition, menstruation appeared to trigger disease flares. However, many symptoms during menstruation were likely normal menstrual discomfort or PMS rather than true disease attacks. Non-randomised trial, 2026 Does mindfulness-based stress reduction reduce stress in teenagers with premenstrual syndrome? Yes. Eight sessions of mindfulness training over four weeks reduced stress levels in teenagers receiving it compared to a control group. Randomised trial, 2026 Does yoga or foot reflexology work better for teenage PMS? Yes, both work. Yoga reduced PMS scores by 24.27 points and foot reflexology by 18.25 points, with yoga being significantly better. Survey study, 2026 Are women who feel mood changes from birth control pills at higher risk for PMDD and postpartum depression? Yes. Women who reported mood problems from the pill were 3.78 times more likely to have PMDD and 1.66 times more likely to have depression after childbirth, though genetic factors and depression history also matter. Review, 2026 How do social factors like stigma and unequal care responsibilities affect premenstrual symptoms? This review shows that PMS and PMDD arise from both biology and social context. Menstrual stigma, unequal care work, violence, financial dependence, and healthcare bias all shape how symptoms develop and whether women get help. Survey study, 2026 How common is PMS in adolescent girls and what lifestyle factors cause it? 71.3% of adolescent girls had PMS. Poor diet (junk food) and lack of physical activity were strongly associated with developing PMS. Case-control study, 2026 Do girls with familial Mediterranean fever have more PMS symptoms? Overall they have fewer PMS symptoms, but the symptoms they do have are linked to inflammation and disease activity. Survey study, 2026 How common are severe PMS and PMDD in young women, and what are the risk factors? About 26% had moderate to severe PMS and 7.3% had PMDD. Risk factors included not exercising, living in rural areas, starting periods early, and not getting enough sleep. Survey study, 2026 What factors are linked with period pain in teenage girls in Ethiopia? Period pain affects about 7 in 10 teenage girls in this Ethiopian town. It is significantly linked with family history of period pain, having premenstrual syndrome, sleeping 6 hours or less per night, heavy menstrual periods, skipping breakfast, and female genital mutilation. Systematic review, 2026 What life experiences and personal factors influence how severe PMS is? Adverse childhood experiences, stress, personality traits, and coping styles can worsen PMS. Physical exercise, social support, and resilience protect against severe symptoms. Research on these connections is very limited. Non-randomised trial, 2026 Does a lifestyle education program reduce PMS symptoms? Yes. An education program on diet, exercise, and relaxation significantly reduced PMS severity and improved depression. Effects on anxiety and stress were not significant. Survey study, 2026 Does following a gluten-free diet reduce PMS symptoms in teenagers with celiac disease? Yes. Teenagers with celiac disease who strictly follow a gluten-free diet had much lower PMS scores than those who don't follow it, especially in depression, pain, sleep, and concentration. Survey study, 2026 How does menstruation affect girls' participation in organized sports? Most girls reported that menstruation affected their sports performance and attendance. About 91 percent noted skill changes, 77 percent effort changes, and 58 percent attendance changes. Fatigue, mood, and pain were most common, and 18 percent were worried enough to consider quitting. Randomised trial, 2026 Is yoga or aerobic exercise better for reducing PMS symptoms in adolescent girls? Both yoga and aerobic exercise significantly reduced PMS symptoms and pain intensity. Neither was superior to the other, so either could be recommended as an effective non-drug treatment. Survey study, 2025 Do menstrual problems and poor sleep affect mood and thinking in teenage girls? Yes. Clear links exist between menstrual pain or PMS symptoms and anxiety, depression, and social problems in adolescent girls. Sleep also matters. Girls with later bedtimes or shorter sleep plus pain had worse mood and thinking problems. Survey study, 2025 Is premenstrual syndrome severity linked to academic performance in adolescent girls? More severe premenstrual syndrome was significantly associated with poorer academic performance (p < 0.001). However, the study cannot prove that PMS causes poor grades; stress might cause both, or other factors might explain the link. Survey study, 2025 Is a negative attitude toward menstruation linked to worse PMS symptoms? Yes. Girls with a negative attitude toward menstruation were 31% more likely to report severe PMS than those with positive attitudes. Culture, family structure, religion, and maternal education also affect both attitudes and PMS severity. Survey study, 2025 What behavioral symptoms of premenstrual syndrome are most common? Most women studied (519 out of 650) experienced at least one premenstrual symptom, with insomnia, confusion, difficulty concentrating, and avoiding social situations being most common. These behavioral symptoms were the top concerns for women with PMS. Non-randomised trial, 2025 Does doing aquatic activities help reduce PMS symptoms in teenage girls? Yes, girls who participated in aquatic activities had significantly fewer PMS symptoms than those who did no water exercise. Randomised trial, 2025 Does aerobic exercise with lifestyle changes reduce PMS symptoms in college students? Yes, aerobic exercise combined with lifestyle changes significantly reduced PMS severity and improved quality of life compared to lifestyle counselling alone. Non-randomised trial, 2025 Do cashew nuts help reduce PMS symptoms by increasing serotonin? Women who ate 70 grams of cashew nuts daily for 2 weeks showed increases in serotonin and reductions in PMS symptoms compared to women who did not eat them. The sample was small and lasted only 2 weeks, so we need more research to know if this works long-term. Randomised trial, 2025 Does pumpkin seed extract reduce PMS pain? Yes, pumpkin seed extract at 500 mg twice daily for 10 days significantly reduced PMS pain intensity more than lower doses or placebo. Randomised trial, 2025 Does electrical stimulation at acupuncture points reduce PMS symptoms? Yes, based on a small study. Women who received electrical stimulation at real acupuncture points improved significantly more than those receiving sham treatment. Non-randomised trial, 2025 Does aerobic exercise with video help reduce PMS symptoms? Aerobic exercise guided by video significantly reduced PMS symptoms in teenage girls. The study design included a control group, so this is reasonably strong evidence, though it was limited to one health college in Indonesia. Study, 2025 Can group therapy help adolescent girls with PMS manage emotions and reduce binge eating? Yes. Adolescent girls who received group supportive psychotherapy showed significant improvement in anger control, mood, anxiety, and positive emotions, and a significant reduction in binge eating compared to girls who did not receive treatment. Survey study, 2025 Is emotional eating linked to PMS in university women? Yes. Female students with PMS, especially those with mood and behavior symptoms, were more likely to eat in response to emotions rather than hunger. Students without PMS were less likely to do this. Survey study, 2025 What factors are related to PMS in high school girls? Stress was the only factor significantly related to PMS in high school girls. Girls with moderate stress levels were more likely to have PMS, but age at first period, body weight, diet, and physical activity were not significantly related. Non-randomised trial, 2025 Does Qi Gong reduce PMS symptoms in adolescent girls? Yes. Qi Gong significantly reduced PMS symptoms, with the percentage of girls with mild PMS increasing from 20.78% to 71.86% after the program. Study, 2025 Does the menstrual cycle affect sleep, energy, and injury risk in young female athletes? Yes. Young female athletes reported worse sleep and more tiredness during the luteal phase, particularly the week before their period. They also had more injuries during these phases. Survey study, 2025 Is the PSST a good screening tool for PMS in Bangladesh? Yes, the Bangladeshi version of the PSST was found to be valid and reliable for screening PMS, with strong correlations to depression, anxiety, and stress. Survey study, 2025 What do adolescent girls in Pakistan know and think about PMS? Most know PMS exists but many don't understand its symptoms or how to manage it. Only 35% correctly linked symptoms to PMS, though 63% saw it as a normal part of menstruation. Survey study, 2025 How common is PMS in adolescent female athletes? PMS was present in 16.33% of adolescent female athletes. Rates varied by sport, with karate players having the highest rate at 25% and sprinters having the lowest at 12.12%. Survey study, 2025 Do body size and shape affect how often women have PMS symptoms? Yes, women with overweight or obesity and apple-shaped bodies reported PMS symptoms more frequently than underweight or rectangular-shaped women. Non-randomised trial, 2025 Does pilates exercise reduce PMS symptoms in adolescent girls? Yes. After six weeks of pilates, mild PMS cases increased from 50 to 164 girls, severe cases dropped from 22 to 10, and overall PMS scores fell significantly (p less than 0.001). Randomised trial, 2025 Do breathing exercises help teenage girls with premenstrual symptoms? Yes. Girls who practiced specific breathing exercises for 12 weeks had significantly fewer premenstrual symptoms including pain, mood changes, water retention, and trouble concentrating. The improvements were moderate to large. Survey study, 2025 What psychological and personal factors predict which university students will develop premenstrual syndrome? High anger, low social support, childhood trauma, high stress, negative attitudes toward menstruation, and poor satisfaction with gender roles all predict PMS. However, results are limited to university students in one country. Survey study, 2025 How common are premenstrual symptoms in college students? Premenstrual symptoms are very common, affecting 85 percent of college students in this study. The most frequent symptoms are mood changes like depression and irritability, along with physical discomfort like headaches and fatigue. Survey study, 2025 How do premenstrual symptoms affect girls' development and well-being? Girls with premenstrual symptoms had lower scores on measures of positive development, including competence, confidence and social connection. This was partly because symptoms lowered their body satisfaction. Physical exercise helped protect against some negative effects. Survey study, 2025 Is PMS worse in girls living through violence and insecurity? Yes. Adolescent girls exposed to political violence, living with insecurity, and experiencing depression-like symptoms were more likely to have severe PMS. Girls exposed to multiple types of violence had especially high rates of severe PMS. Survey study, 2025 Are premenstrual symptoms linked to depression in teenage girls? Yes. Girls with premenstrual symptoms were about 1.7 times more likely to have depressive symptoms than girls without PMS. Survey study, 2025 How common are PMS, anxiety, and depression in teenage girls, and are they related? PMS is very common (89.35%), as are anxiety (98.72%) and depression (75%). Depression is linked to PMS, but anxiety is not. Survey study, 2025 Does PMS make teenage girls more anxious and reduce their quality of life? Yes, PMS significantly increases social anxiety and reduces quality of life in teenage girls. The effect was stronger in urban areas and in school-going girls. Study, 2025 Does cognitive-behavioral therapy help girls with PMDD feel better about themselves? Yes. Girls who received cognitive-behavioral therapy showed clear improvements in well-being and self-compassion compared to girls who received no treatment. Randomised trial, 2025 Does group counseling based on positive psychology help students with premenstrual syndrome? Yes, women who received positive psychology counseling significantly improved their psychological resilience and coping ability immediately and 2 months after treatment (p=0.001). Survey study, 2025 Does the premenstrual period explain why evening-type sleep patterns cause more sleep schedule mismatch? No. Evening-type sleep patterns were linked to worse sleep schedule mismatch, but premenstrual symptoms did not explain this connection. Survey study, 2025 Do back stretching exercises reduce PMS symptoms? Yes, significantly. After 2 weeks of stretching exercises twice daily, 63.3% of the exercise group had only mild PMS, compared to 6.6% of girls who received only health education. Randomised trial, 2025 Does vitamin B6 reduce PMS symptoms in teenagers? Yes. Teenagers given vitamin B6 had significant reductions in PMS severity, particularly for mood-related symptoms like depression and anxiety. Survey study, 2024 Does poor sleep and period problems affect teen mental health? Yes. Teenagers with irregular periods, PMS, or menstrual pain had more anxiety and sadness, especially those sleeping less or going to bed later. Survey study, 2024 How common is PMS among adolescent girls and what factors are linked to it? PMS affects 59.2% of adolescent girls in Goa, India, and is linked to earlier first period, heavier menstrual bleeding, and period pain. Certainty is moderate. Cohort study, 2024 Does the COVID-19 booster vaccine affect menstrual cycles in adolescent girls? Yes. Girls who received the booster had shorter cycles on average, with cycles being 5.35 days shorter than before vaccination, especially in the second cycle after vaccination. Higher stress was also linked to shorter cycles. Non-randomised trial, 2024 Does progressive muscle relaxation reduce PMS in adolescent girls? Yes, significantly. Progressive muscle relaxation exercises reduced premenstrual syndrome symptoms according to statistical analysis. Survey study, 2024 Does a psychosomatic relaxation package help adolescent girls with PMS? Yes, the relaxation package significantly increased knowledge (p=0.001), reduced symptom experience (p=0.001), and improved lifestyle practices (p=0.001) compared to routine care. Certainty is moderate. Survey study, 2024 Can a spiritual emotional freedom technique delivered through an app help with PMS and sleep? Yes, in this study the app-based technique improved sleep quality and reduced premenstrual syndrome scores. Survey study, 2024 How much do Indonesian 9th graders know about PMS and what are their attitudes? Most girls (56.25%) had a positive attitude toward PMS, but only 15.6% showed good knowledge about managing it. Survey study, 2024 Is physical activity linked to PMS symptoms? About 68.5% of young women had PMS. There was a weak but statistically significant association between physical activity and PMS severity, though it was too weak to draw strong conclusions. Survey study, 2024 Did having COVID-19 cause lasting menstrual problems? No clear difference was found in menstrual cycle patterns or PMS symptoms between vaccinated women who had COVID-19 and those who had not had it. Survey study, 2024 Is PMS linked to mental health problems and stress in teenage girls? Yes, PMS was strongly linked to anxiety, depression, self-harm, and suicidal thoughts in Polish teenage girls, along with stress and risky behaviors. However, finding a link doesn't prove PMS causes these problems. Cohort study, 2024 Does experiencing stressful life events change how your mood varies during your menstrual cycle? Yes. Women who experienced more stressful or traumatic life events show bigger mood and mental health changes during the premenstrual phase, particularly increases in suicidal thoughts. Review, 2024 Does yoga help reduce period pain and premenstrual symptoms? A review of 7 studies found that yoga may help reduce pain in dysmenorrhea and premenstrual syndrome. However, evidence is limited since this is a review of other studies rather than testing yoga directly. Survey study, 2024 What attitudes do women have about menstruation and what affects these attitudes? Women view their periods as natural, bothersome, or shameful depending on their personal history and current experiences, including how they felt at menarche, menstrual pain, contraceptive use, body image, and comfort with sexuality. Interview study, 2024 How do young women use period tracker apps to manage their menstrual cycles? Most young women use period tracker apps mainly to predict their next period. The apps help women understand their cycles better, but they need to be more accurate and provide better education. Non-randomised trial, 2024 Does a relaxation technique called SEFT help reduce premenstrual symptoms in teenagers? Yes. Girls who did SEFT had moderate symptoms before (average 17.43) and mild symptoms after (average 11.60). The control group did not improve significantly (p = 0.000). Interview study, 2024 How does PMS affect women's quality of life? Researchers created a scale to measure how PMS affects quality of life across physical, emotional, and social areas. Higher PMS severity and living in cities both significantly lower quality of life. Survey study, 2024 How common is PMDD in high school students and what factors are linked to it? About one-third of high school students (33.03%) had PMDD. Depression, stress, irregular periods, and longer menstrual bleeding were the strongest linked factors. Survey study, 2024 How common are PMS and PMDD in young Turkish women and what factors are linked to them? PMS affects about 49% of young Turkish women and PMDD about 48%. Blood type B was far more likely to have PMS than blood type A. Lower physical activity, longer menstrual cycles, more caffeine, and depression were also linked to PMDD. Survey study, 2024 What factors are linked to PMS in school-age girls? 22% of these Ethiopian school students had PMS. Heavy coffee drinking and sleep problems were the strongest risk factors, while exercise was protective. Results are from one city in Ethiopia. Randomised trial, 2024 Can group counseling focused on positive psychology reduce PMS symptoms? Yes. Women who attended six online counseling sessions focusing on positive psychology had significantly lower PMS symptoms immediately and two months later compared to a control group. Case-control study, 2024 Do adolescents with PMS have different heart rate patterns than those without PMS? No clear difference was found. Heart rate measurements during different parts of the menstrual cycle were similar in adolescents with PMS and those without PMS. Cohort study, 2023 How common are premenstrual symptoms among teenage girls? Over half of teenage girls have premenstrual symptoms like back pain, acne, and mood changes, but 60% do not know that premenstrual syndrome exists. Study, 2023 Does aerobic exercise or yoga work better for PMS symptoms? Both aerobic exercise and yoga reduced PMS symptoms, but aerobic exercise was more effective than yoga. Cohort study, 2023 Do girls with intellectual disability have worse menstrual quality of life? Girls with intellectual disability had similar menstrual patterns to other girls, but experienced significantly lower quality of life during menstruation and missed much more school due to periods. Survey study, 2023 What factors make some women more likely to have PMS or PMDD? Several factors were linked to higher risk of PMS or PMDD: negative Rh blood type, depression, and drinking caffeine more than three times a week. Women who had their first period at a later age had lower risk. Survey study, 2023 Are PMS symptoms linked to loneliness in adolescent girls during COVID-19? Yes. Girls with worse PMS symptoms were more likely to feel lonely. About 29% of girls felt lonely, and 16% of lonely girls had serious psychological distress. Cohort study, 2023 Does childhood asthma or allergies increase the risk of PMS or PMDD as an adult? Yes. Women who had asthma in childhood had 20% higher risk of PMS/PMDD as adults, and those with food allergy had 28% higher risk. Non-randomised trial, 2023 Does a school health education program reduce PMS symptoms? A 4-week health education program significantly reduced moderate and severe PMS and PMDD symptoms in high school girls compared to a control group, though the study was limited to one school. Randomised trial, 2023 Does a healthy diet reduce PMS symptoms and improve quality of life in adolescent girls? No, this study found no significant improvement in PMS symptoms or quality of life from healthy diet and motivational counseling. This contradicts some other research suggesting diet may help. Randomised trial, 2023 Does eating a healthy diet reduce PMS symptoms in teenage girls? No. The study found no significant link between healthy diet and PMS symptoms or quality of life in teenage girls. Randomised trial, 2023 Does curcumin help with sleep problems in women with PMS and period pain? No. Both the curcumin and placebo groups improved similarly, with no significant difference between them. Non-randomised trial, 2023 Does education about healthy lifestyle reduce PMS symptoms in high school girls? Yes. High school girls who received four educational sessions about PMS and healthy lifestyle had fewer PMS symptoms and better health beliefs than the control group at three months. Survey study, 2023 How common are PMS and PMDD in first-year medical students? About half (50.6%) had PMS and 8.7% had PMDD. Age at first period, weight, and BMI did not predict who had PMS or PMDD. Survey study, 2023 Do stomach and gut problems change during the menstrual cycle? Overall gut symptoms did not differ clearly across menstrual cycle phases. However, pain in the lower belly was higher during menstruation than in other cycle phases. Study, 2023 Does sleep quality affect your mood differently during your period? Menstrual phase alone did not affect mood, but sleep and cycle phase together did. Good sleep protected your mood during menses, while poor sleep made your mood drop more during menses than at other times. Survey study, 2023 What menstrual problems do adolescent girls experience? Adolescent girls commonly experience painful periods, heavy periods, and irregular cycles. These problems are often not reported but can affect school attendance and daily life. Cohort study, 2023 Are premenstrual disorders linked to depression, anxiety, and self-harm in teenage girls? Yes. Girls with premenstrual disorders have 4 to 7 times higher rates of depression, anxiety, self-injury, and suicide risk compared to boys and girls without the disorder. This suggests premenstrual disorders may cause much of the difference in mental health problems between teenage boys and girls. Survey study, 2023 How common are PMS, PMDD, anxiety, and depression in rural adolescent girls? In 430 rural girls, 8.8% had PMDD and 17.4% had PMS. PMDD was significantly linked to depression, anxiety, menstrual pain, irregular cycles, and family type. Survey study, 2023 How common is PMS in high school girls and what helps them cope? PMS was found in 41.2% of high school girls. The most common coping strategies were visiting health clinics (42.6%), listening to music (40.0%), and taking showers (38.0%). Girls with family history or using hormonal birth control were more likely to have PMS. Survey study, 2023 How common are menstrual problems in university students, and do they affect quality of life? Menstrual problems are extremely common, with 98% reporting some problem. The most common are premenstrual symptoms and period pain, both of which significantly reduce quality of life and school attendance. Cohort study, 2023 How common is PMS in young women, and do they have ways to manage it? About 4 in 10 young women had PMS. Most found simple ways to manage symptoms like hot or cold drinks and talking to family. Randomised trial, 2023 Does peer education work as well as healthcare provider education for PMS in high school students? Both peer education and healthcare provider education reduced PMS and improved general health in high school students compared to a control group. Both approaches appear equally effective. Survey study, 2023 How common are PMS and PMDD in high school girls, and what factors increase risk? About 1 in 3 high school girls have moderate-severe PMS and 1 in 8 have PMDD. Dysmenorrhea, poor general health, family history of PMS, and excess salt intake increase risk. Survey study, 2023 How does PMDD affect quality of life compared to PMS? Women with PMDD had significantly lower quality of life across physical, psychological, and behavioral domains compared to those with PMS or no PMS (p < 0.001). Cohort study, 2023 Does physical activity reduce PMS in high school girls? Yes. High school girls who attended physical education classes at least twice per week had significantly lower odds of PMS compared to those with fewer PE classes. Cohort study, 2023 Does recreational physical exercise reduce premenstrual symptoms in teenage girls? Possibly. Girls who exercised 3 or more times per week had lower depression. However, older age and higher weight were linked to worse symptoms. Non-randomised trial, 2022 Does progressive muscle relaxation exercise reduce PMS in teenage girls? Yes, progressive muscle relaxation exercise significantly reduced PMS symptoms in teenage girls compared to no exercise. Survey study, 2022 Is premenstrual syndrome related to aggression in adolescent girls? Yes. Aggression tendencies increased as PMS severity increased, and girls who noticed increased anger before their period had higher PMS intensity overall. Randomised trial, 2022 Does yoga reduce PMS symptoms? Yes, yoga significantly reduced multiple PMS symptoms including pain, water retention, and mood changes in adolescent girls. Survey study, 2022 What factors are linked to PMS in teenage girls? Most teenage girls have some PMS. Backache and breast tenderness are common physical symptoms. Irritability, anxiety, and mood swings are common emotional symptoms. Eating sweets, education level, and family circumstances are linked to PMS, but body weight is not. Study, 2022 How does the menstrual cycle affect teenage girls' physical and mental health? Teenage girls aged 13-16 showed worsening of premenstrual symptoms, emotional wellbeing, and school adjustment during the premenstrual phase compared to after menstruation. Physical health was an important factor. Survey study, 2022 How much do premenstrual and menstrual symptoms affect teenage girls' quality of life? Significantly. Most girls experienced premenstrual and menstrual symptoms that affected their overall quality of life, health, and mood. Girls with better coping strategies reported better quality of life. Survey study, 2022 Does physical activity or anxiety affect PMS in young women? Anxiety is strongly linked to PMS, but physical activity is not. Girls with higher anxiety had more severe PMS symptoms. Cohort study, 2022 Does more physical exercise reduce the chance of having PMS in teenage girls? Yes. Girls with at least 2 physical education classes per week were much less likely to have PMS. Those with less than 2 classes per week were 4.43 times more likely to experience PMS. Study, 2022 How do depression and parent communication affect premenstrual syndrome in high school girls? Depression was linked to more PMS symptoms. Open and supportive communication with parents was linked to fewer symptoms. Together with menstrual pain and grade level, these factors explained about 34.4% of the variation in PMS symptoms. Randomised trial, 2022 Can resilience counseling reduce PMS severity in teenage girls? Yes, resilience counseling significantly reduced PMS severity in high school girls, with most moving from severe symptoms to mild or moderate symptoms. Survey study, 2022 Does a transdiagnostic treatment program help adolescent girls with premenstrual syndrome? Yes. Girls who received 8 weeks of treatment had significantly greater improvement in PMS symptoms and emotion regulation compared to girls in the control group. Survey study, 2022 Does regular exercise reduce period symptoms? Women who exercise regularly have less severe period symptoms, especially mood changes and social withdrawal before their period. This observational study cannot prove exercise causes the improvement. Cohort study, 2021 How does the menstrual cycle affect how quickly teenage girls fall asleep? Yes. Teenage girls took longer to fall asleep when they had PMS. They fell asleep faster if they were 8 to 14 days past their period compared to being within 7 days or 15 to 25 days past it. Interestingly, girls slept better overall than boys when objectively measured. Lab study, 2021 Does Jacobson's relaxation technique help reduce premenstrual syndrome? Yes, girls who practiced the relaxation technique had clearly lower PMS severity compared to girls in the control group. The technique had no side effects. Survey study, 2021 Do women who experienced childhood maltreatment have more PMS? Yes. Women with childhood maltreatment had 47% higher risk of PMS, with physical and emotional abuse showing the strongest associations. Survey study, 2021 Is irregular menstrual cycle linked to thoughts of suicide? Women with irregular menstrual cycles were 1.42 times more likely to have suicidal thoughts than women with regular cycles. The association was strongest in younger women, those who started their period early, and those who were employed. Survey study, 2021 Did COVID-19 stress make PMS worse for young women? Young women who experienced trauma symptoms from COVID-19 had more severe PMS symptoms than those without trauma. This observational study cannot prove that COVID stress causes worse PMS. Survey study, 2021 What happens when someone has both bipolar disorder and PMDD? Women with both conditions experience more severe bipolar disorder with more mood episodes and more depression. Treatment is challenging because standard PMDD medication can trigger mania in people with bipolar disorder. Randomised trial, 2021 Does Lactobacillus gasseri CP2305 help premenstrual symptoms? It may help mood and anxiety symptoms before your period, but it does not help water retention symptoms like breast swelling. Systematic review, 2021 Does experiencing violence as a child increase the risk of PMS or PMDD as an adult? Yes. Women who experienced physical or sexual violence in childhood have nearly twice the risk of developing menstrual mood disorders in adulthood compared with women who did not experience this violence. Non-randomised trial, 2021 Does teaching girls about PMS improve their knowledge? Yes. Knowledge about PMS increased from 24.1% to 56.3% in girls who received the educational program, while the comparison group showed no improvement. Non-randomised trial, 2021 Does progressive muscle relaxation taught via mobile app reduce PMS symptoms in adolescents? Yes, progressive muscle relaxation via mobile app reduced PMS symptoms. There was a clear difference between the treatment group and the control group. Randomised trial, 2021 Does exercise and fennel reduce PMS symptoms in adolescent girls? Yes, both exercise and fennel reduced mood and physical symptoms, and the combination was most effective. Randomised trial, 2021 Does curcumin help with PMS and period pain? Curcumin reduced PMS symptoms and period pain about as well as placebo did, suggesting it may not be more effective than placebo. The study cannot tell us if curcumin truly helps for sure. Survey study, 2021 Does secondhand tobacco smoke exposure affect the menstrual cycle and premenstrual symptoms? Yes. Women exposed to tobacco smoke had significantly more menstrual problems and more severe premenstrual and menstrual symptoms compared to those with no exposure. Past exposure during childhood or adolescence appeared especially harmful. Survey study, 2021 Does exercise and diet affect PMS symptoms in teenagers? Girls who exercised more and had better diet had fewer PMS symptoms. This was studied during pandemic lockdown when normal activity and eating patterns had changed. Survey study, 2021 Does weight affect PMS in young women? Young women who were overweight or obese were more likely to have PMS, suggesting weight may matter for PMS, though we can't prove it causes PMS. Survey study, 2021 Can changing diet, sleep, and daily activities reduce PMS symptoms? Yes. When nursing students made lifestyle changes to nutrition, sleep, and daily activities, their PMS symptoms improved significantly. PMS was also linked to poor diet, lack of exercise, smoking exposure, and family history. Survey study, 2021 What factors affect premenstrual syndrome in teenage girls? Multiple factors affect PMS. These include how active you are physically, what you eat (especially coffee), stress, and feelings of insecurity. Survey study, 2021 What are the menstrual cycle patterns and how common are PMS and PCOS in young Korean women? PMS affected 25.5% of participants and PCOS affected 5.2%. Most women with regular periods had normal cycle length (93% had 21-35 day cycles) and normal duration, though 55.9% reported heavy bleeding. Survey study, 2021 Does physical activity or age at first period affect how much PMS a teenage girl experiences? Physical activity showed a significant relationship with PMS (p=0.030), meaning girls with low activity had more PMS. Age of menarche did not show a significant relationship (p=0.073). Survey study, 2021 How common is PMDD among high school girls? About 1 in 20 high school girls (4.89%, or 44 out of 900) had PMDD. The study included girls aged 12-16 in India. Non-randomised trial, 2021 Does a combination of exercise, ginger milk, and massage help premenstrual syndrome? Yes, the combination of exercise, ginger milk, and effleurage massage reduced premenstrual syndrome in the group that received it. The study did not provide specific details about how much symptoms improved. Survey study, 2021 Is starting your period early linked to spending more time on social media? Yes. Girls who started their periods at a younger age spent more hours each day on social media. Higher body weight partially explained this link. Survey study, 2021 At what age do teenage girls first notice premenstrual symptoms? Most girls first noticed PMS around age 15, about 2 years after their first period. Girls who started their period earlier were slightly less likely to develop PMS later. Cohort study, 2020 Does sleeping longer help teenage athletes experience less PMS interference with sports? Yes. Teenage girls who sleep longer in one year are less likely to have PMS symptoms interfere with their athletic performance the next year. Case-control study, 2020 Is diet quality lower in teenagers with PMS? Yes. Teenagers with PMS have lower diet quality scores. Better diet quality was linked to less anxiety, depression, and sleep problems in girls with PMS. Survey study, 2020 Is period pain common in Polish women and what causes it? Period pain is very common, affecting 94% of Polish women. It's linked to family history, lack of exercise, and low self-esteem, though this is a cross-sectional study so we cannot be sure these things cause it. Randomised trial, 2020 Does whole body vibration work as well as resistive exercise for PMS symptoms? Yes. Both whole body vibration and resistive exercise significantly reduced PMS symptoms, and they worked about equally well in this study. Randomised trial, 2020 Does zinc supplementation help PMS symptoms? Yes. Women taking 30mg of zinc daily for 12 weeks showed significant improvement in both physical and psychological PMS symptoms compared to placebo. Randomised trial, 2020 Does zinc supplementation improve quality of life and sleep in young women with PMS? Zinc improved the physical aspects of quality of life significantly but overall quality of life improvement wasn't significantly better than placebo. Sleep quality showed a small improvement in the zinc group but it wasn't statistically significant. Randomised trial, 2020 Can a mental health training program help teenage girls with PMS? Yes. Teenage girls who went through a training program had less physical complaints, anxiety, sleep problems, social difficulties, and depression than girls who did not. Study, 2020 Does how often you blink change across your menstrual cycle? No. Eye blink rate stayed the same no matter where women were in their menstrual cycle, even when hormone levels changed dramatically. Survey study, 2020 Do rural and urban adolescent girls have different menstrual cycle patterns? Yes, significantly. Rural and urban girls differ in period pain, PMS symptoms, menstrual flow, and practices. Rural girls also know less about their menstrual cycles. Case-control study, 2020 What factors predict which teenage girls will have PMS? Stress and a marker in the urine were the strongest predictors of PMS in teenage girls. Diet factors like fat, calcium, and zinc were also related to PMS risk. Survey study, 2020 How many adolescent girls have PMS, and does teaching them about it help? More than 50% of adolescent girls have PMS. Most girls lack knowledge about what PMS is, but educational programs significantly improve their knowledge. Survey study, 2020 Are negative feelings about fairness and menstruation linked to stronger premenstrual symptoms? Yes. Women who feel their suffering from menstruation is unfair, and those with negative views of menstruation, report stronger premenstrual symptoms. The connections are clear. Randomised trial, 2020 Does health education help women cope with PMS? Yes, a health education programme significantly reduced PMS symptoms more than no education. Women who received the education had much lower symptom scores by the second and third months. Case-control study, 2020 How does competitive sports affect PMS, PMDD, and menstrual disorders in young female athletes? Female athletes had significantly more PMS (49.33%) than non-athletes (32%), with the risk increasing by 1.71 times per year of age. PMDD rates were similar between groups, but athletes had heavier periods and longer breaks between menstruation. Case-control study, 2020 Does height affect menstrual patterns in adolescent girls? Yes, girls with shorter height had more severe menstrual cramps. However, the age when periods started was similar across all heights, ranging from 12.2 to 12.7 years. Survey study, 2020 What topics are researchers most interested in studying about PMS and PMDD? Researchers have published 2,833 papers on PMS and PMDD from 1945 to 2018, with growing focus on depression, anxiety, and how these conditions affect young women. Survey study, 2019 Does exam stress make PMS symptoms worse? Yes. Among medical students preparing for exams, 93.2% with moderate stress had PMS compared to 73.1% with mild stress. However, this was measured at one time point during exams, so we cannot prove stress causes PMS. Randomised trial, 2019 Does cooling the head during sleep improve sleep quality during the luteal phase? Yes, according to a small study. Young women with daytime sleepiness during the luteal phase showed improved sleep quality with head cooling, including fewer sleep interruptions and more deep sleep. Cohort study, 2019 How do exercise, diet and weight affect menstrual problems? Lack of exercise and poor diet are linked to more menstrual symptoms, and higher weight is linked to both PMS and period pain. The evidence is moderate but cannot prove these cause the symptoms. Non-randomised trial, 2019 Does exercising before your period help with pain and anxiety? Yes, exercising 30 minutes a day for 5 days before your period significantly reduced both pain and anxiety. This was a controlled trial but not fully randomized. Survey study, 2019 What lifestyle and sleep habits are linked to PMS in teenage girls? In Japanese high school students, poor sleep quality, long internet use, skipping breakfast, and not playing sports were linked to higher PMS risk, with menstrual pain being the strongest risk factor. This is observational so we cannot be sure these habits cause PMS. Survey study, 2019 What menstrual problems do international students develop when they move to China? Almost half of the international students reported menstrual pattern changes after arriving. Premenstrual symptoms were the most common problem, affecting about one in three students. High stress levels were linked to menstrual changes and period pain. Cohort study, 2019 Do young female athletes have more menstrual problems and PMS than non-athletes? Yes. Intense exercise before first menstruation delayed when girls got their period. Competitive sport increased risk of PMS and PMDD. Review, 2019 How do brain changes during reproductive transitions cause depression in women? A review of brain imaging studies found that depression related to reproductive cycle changes involves different brain activation patterns than typical major depression. Understanding these differences might help develop better treatments, though the causes remain unclear. Interview study, 2019 Which PMDD symptoms are most common in college students? Physical symptoms like pain are most common (91.4%), followed by anger and irritability (84.5%). PMDD causes the biggest problems with family relationships and home responsibilities. About 1 in 10 college students meet PMDD criteria. Survey study, 2019 How common are PMS and PMDD in adolescent girls, and how much do they affect daily life? 19.3% of girls aged 8-23 had moderate to severe PMS and 4.6% had PMDD. Nearly 1 in 4 girls missed school because of symptoms, showing PMS significantly disrupts their education. Older age, painful periods, heavy periods, high stress, and having a mother with PMS all increased risk. Survey study, 2019 How common is PMDD in teenage girls? Nearly 5% of teenage girls surveyed had PMDD. Girls with PMDD also had higher levels of stress, depression, and anxiety. Survey study, 2019 How common are PMS and PMDD in teenage girls? Over half (53.5%) of female high school students experience PMS and about 1 in 8 (12.22%) experience PMDD. Girls with a family history of PMS are more likely to have these conditions. Schools could help by providing education about PMS. Randomised trial, 2019 Does vitamin D supplementation help PMS in vitamin D-deficient women? Mostly no. Only nervousness improved significantly with vitamin D. Other PMS symptoms did not change significantly over 12 weeks. Non-randomised trial, 2019 Does Cananga aromatherapy with warm compress reduce PMS symptoms in teenage girls? Yes, aromatherapy with warm compress reduced PMS symptoms compared to no treatment. There was a clear difference between the two groups. Case-control study, 2019 Does weight and body composition affect the risk of PMS? Yes, but in a surprising direction. Women with lower BMI had PMS more often than women with higher BMI. Women with PMS also had more muscle and water and less body fat. Survey study, 2018 How much does PMS affect a teenage girl's quality of life? Girls with PMS had significantly lower quality of life scores across nearly all areas of functioning compared to girls without PMS. Survey study, 2018 Does what or how adolescents eat matter for PMS? How adolescents eat matters more than what they eat. Those with PMS are more likely to have disordered eating behaviors like emotional eating, but their actual diet is the same as those without PMS. Survey study, 2018 What biological, psychological, and social factors contribute to PMS? A review of past research found that PMS involves three types of factors: biological (hormones), psychological (mental health issues), and social (culture and beliefs). This summarizes other studies rather than testing a specific treatment. Survey study, 2018 Can education about PMS help protect against stress-related symptom worsening? Yes. Girls who received PMS education before an earthquake showed no change in symptoms during the disaster, while those without education experienced worsening symptoms. Randomised trial, 2018 Can a lemon balm (Melissa officinalis) capsule improve mental health symptoms in teenage girls with PMS? Yes, in this trial girls taking lemon balm capsules had significantly better scores for psychosomatic symptoms, anxiety, sleep problems and social functioning than girls taking a placebo. Non-randomised trial, 2018 Does high-dose vitamin D help with PMS and period pain in teenagers? Yes, high-dose vitamin D significantly reduced PMS from 14.9% to 4.8% over 9 weeks. The study also found improvements in painful periods and specific symptoms like backache. Study, 2018 Do diet, isoflavone intake, and stress level affect premenstrual syndrome in teenage girls? Isoflavone and nutrients in the diet were not clearly linked to PMS in this study. Stress level was related to PMS. Controlling stress may help prevent severe symptoms. Survey study, 2018 Does vitamin D or calcium level affect PMS symptoms and menstrual bleeding? Calcium level is linked to heavier menstrual bleeding and irritability, but vitamin D level does not appear linked to PMS symptoms overall. Cohort study, 2018 How common is PMS in young women and is it related to family history? About 4 in 10 young college women have PMS. Having a mother with menstrual problems does not increase your risk, which suggests family history may be protective. Survey study, 2018 Does group counseling help reduce premenstrual syndrome? Group counseling reduced symptom severity compared to no counseling in this trial. Three sessions discussing premenstrual syndrome and self-awareness appeared effective for high school girls. Lab study, 2018 How does depression affect menstrual function and fertility in women? Women with depression are more likely to have PMS and irregular periods. Depression also appears linked to fewer pregnancies and children. Depression starting at puberty has the worst effects on menstrual and reproductive health. Survey study, 2017 Does teaching about PMS improve girls' knowledge about how to manage it? Yes. After a structured teaching program, many more adolescent girls had good knowledge about PMS and its management than before the program. Survey study, 2017 Does less sleep lead to irregular periods in teenage girls? Yes. Girls who sleep 5 hours or less per night are much more likely to have irregular periods than those who sleep 8 or more hours. Of 801 girls studied, 15% had irregular periods. Randomised trial, 2017 Does lemon balm capsule or educational support work better for reducing PMS symptoms? Yes, both lemon balm capsules and educational support programs significantly reduced physical, mental, and social PMS symptoms compared to placebo and no treatment. We can be fairly confident because this was a well-designed randomized controlled trial with 200 women tracked over 3 months. Case-control study, 2017 What lifestyle factors are linked to premenstrual syndrome in teenage girls? Four lifestyle factors showed clear links to PMS: less exercise, higher body weight, more salty foods, and more sugary foods. Study, 2017 Does regular sports help prevent PMS in high school students? Yes. Students who did regular sports had significantly lower PMS levels than students who were sedentary. Survey study, 2017 Does painful menstruation affect adolescent girls' mood, emotions, sleep, and thinking? Yes. Girls with painful periods had higher depression, aggression, and sleep problems compared to girls without painful periods. However, thinking ability was not affected. Girls with only PMS (without pain) were similar to girls without either condition. Lab study, 2017 Does teaching teenage girls about PMS through peer education increase their knowledge? Yes, peer group education increased girls' knowledge about PMS management. This approach let girls discuss and share information openly with their peers. Cohort study, 2017 How common is PMS in high school students, and what symptoms and problems does it cause? About 3 in 10 of the Thai high school students in this study had PMS, and the most common symptoms were angry outbursts and breast tenderness. PMS was linked to problems with concentration and schoolwork, but not with how they got along with others. Systematic review, 2017 How common is PMS among women in Iran? Very common. Pooling many studies, about 7 in 10 reproductive-age women in Iran had PMS, with the rate highest among high school students. Survey study, 2017 Do girls with clinically significant PMS have worse quality of life than those without it? Yes. Girls with clinically significant PMS reported much worse overall quality of life. While 12% had poor quality of life in the PMS group, none did in the group without PMS. Survey study, 2017 Can finger length ratio predict how severe premenstrual symptoms will be? Women whose finger length ratios suggested higher exposure to testosterone before birth tended to have less severe premenstrual symptoms in certain areas. This suggests that prenatal hormone exposure may influence symptom severity, though the connection applied to only some symptoms. Survey study, 2017 Are mental health problems linked to irregular periods in teenage girls? Yes. Girls with high stress are 1.88 times more likely to have irregular periods, those with depression are 2.01 times more likely, and those receiving counseling are 2.92 times more likely. Non-randomised trial, 2017 Does teaching girls about PMS help them prevent symptoms? Yes. Girls who received four education sessions about PMS showed significant improvements in knowledge and preventive behaviors compared to a control group. Randomised trial, 2017 Does vitamin B1 reduce appetite changes and food cravings related to premenstrual syndrome? Yes. Vitamin B1 significantly reduced emotional symptoms of PMS by 35.08%, including a reduction in cravings for sweets of 2.42%. Guideline, 2016 Can education improve understanding and management of PMS in blind teenage girls? Yes. After receiving an educational guideline about PMS, blind adolescent girls showed significant improvements in knowledge, daily care practices, and pain and anxiety relief. Randomised trial, 2016 Does foot reflexology with relaxation training reduce premenstrual symptoms in young women? Yes, adding foot reflexology to relaxation training significantly reduced PMS symptoms more than relaxation training alone. Survey study, 2016 Do relaxation exercises and meditation reduce PMS symptoms and anxiety in girls? Yes. Girls who did relaxation exercises had clear reductions in anxiety and PMS symptoms compared to girls who did not do the exercises. Survey study, 2016 Does sleep difficulty change across the menstrual cycle? This study of 213 young women found that sleep difficulty varies across the menstrual cycle in different patterns for different women. Some had more trouble around their period or mid-cycle, while others showed no change. Survey study, 2016 How common are menstrual problems in teenage girls? Among 285 teenage girls in Egypt, about 66% had period pain, 56% had PMS, and various cycle disorders affected about 8 to 9 percent of girls. Survey study, 2016 How many high school students in Japan miss school due to premenstrual symptoms and what increases the risk? About 1 in 9 girls (11.9%) were absent from school due to premenstrual symptoms. Sleep problems, physical symptoms, reduced social activities, and preference for salty food increased the risk. Randomised trial, 2016 Does vitamin D improve mood symptoms in girls with severe vitamin D deficiency and PMS? Yes. Girls with severe vitamin D deficiency and PMS who received vitamin D supplements showed significant improvements in anxiety, irritability, crying, and sadness by the fourth month of treatment. Randomised trial, 2016 Does vitamin D help with PMS mood symptoms in young women with very low vitamin D? Yes, vitamin D significantly improved anxiety, irritability, sadness, and relationship problems, while placebo did not. This was in young women with severely low vitamin D levels. Randomised trial, 2015 Does aerobic exercise or fennel reduce PMS symptoms? Yes. After 8 weeks, symptoms were significantly reduced in all intervention groups (fennel, exercise, or both) compared to no treatment, with the combination especially helpful for anxiety and depression. Randomised trial, 2015 Does aerobic exercise reduce premenstrual syndrome symptoms in young women? Yes. Three months of aerobic exercise combined with vitamin B6 and calcium supplements significantly reduced all PMS symptoms. Randomised trial, 2015 Does melissa officinalis (a herbal remedy) help reduce PMS symptoms? Yes. Melissa officinalis significantly reduced PMS symptom scores in high school girls compared to placebo, with continued improvement over three months. Study, 2015 Does vitamin B6 help reduce PMS symptoms in teenage girls? Yes. Teenage girls who took vitamin B6 had a greater decrease in PMS symptoms compared to girls who received placebo. Cohort study, 2015 How common are PMS and PMDD in young female athletes? PMDD affects about 8% of young women regardless of sport. PMS is significantly more common in athletes (49.33%) than non-athletes (32%). Survey study, 2015 How common is PMS and other menstrual problems in teenage girls? Very common. 95% of girls who completed the survey reported some menstrual disorder, and 65% had PMS symptoms. Survey study, 2015 What helps high school girls manage premenstrual symptoms? Understanding how your body and mood change during your menstrual cycle helps reduce premenstrual distress. Family support and understanding also help reduce symptoms. Survey study, 2014 Does the age when girls start their period affect how they feel about menstruation? Yes, girls who started their period before age 11 felt less prepared and had more negative feelings about it compared to girls who started at later ages. They felt scared, worried, and sad, and were more likely to keep it secret. Non-randomised trial, 2014 Does the menstrual cycle phase change how one night of poor sleep affects the stress hormone cortisol? Yes, one night of sleep restriction raised cortisol responses in women in the follicular phase, but not in women in the luteal phase, so cycle timing seems to matter. Survey study, 2014 Are depression and anxiety linked to period pain in teenage girls? Yes. Girls with painful periods had higher anxiety and depression scores than those without. Girls with the most severe form of PMS had much higher scores. Survey study, 2014 How common is premenstrual syndrome in teenage and young adult girls? About 28 percent of girls aged 13 to 22 had some premenstrual syndrome symptoms, and about 7 percent had severe symptoms. Fatigue and backache were the most common. Cohort study, 2014 How common are PMDD, subthreshold PMDD, and PMS in adolescent girls, and how much do they affect their lives? About 20 percent of adolescent girls reported distressing premenstrual symptoms. Roughly 6.76 percent met criteria for full PMDD and 6.2 percent met criteria for subthreshold PMDD, which is a milder form. Guideline, 2014 What antidepressant should doctors use to treat depression and premenstrual dysphoric disorder? According to expert consensus, a single antidepressant, usually an SSRI or SNRI, is recommended as first-line treatment for most types of depression, including premenstrual dysphoric disorder. Randomised trial, 2013 Does information about relaxation help adolescents decide to use it for PMS? Yes. Both detailed and general information about relaxation helped adolescents decide to try it more than no information. Detailed information was slightly more effective, though the difference was not statistically significant. Case-control study, 2013 Do women with PMS have different nervous system activity? Yes. Women with PMS showed different nervous system patterns during the luteal phase, but the exact cause is still unknown. Randomised trial, 2013 Does psychological education reduce PMS symptoms in teenagers? Yes. Psychological education significantly reduced overall PMS severity and reduced anxiety and physical symptoms. Effects on depression were minimal, and the intervention did not improve difficulty in relationships. Randomised trial, 2012 Does estradiol improve women's attention and cognitive control? Yes. Women's attention control was best during the high-estradiol follicular phase, with the effect linked to estradiol levels. Survey study, 2012 Do girls feel more prepared and positive about menstruation if they talk with their mother about it? Yes. Girls who discussed the emotional side of menstruation with their mothers were much more likely to feel prepared. Feeling prepared was linked to having more positive attitudes about menstruation. Review, 2012 How common is PMS and PMDD in adolescents and how should doctors treat it? PMS and PMDD most often start in adolescence and significantly affect quality of life. Doctors need to be cautious with medicines in this age group because side effects may be worse for adolescents than adults. Survey study, 2012 What menstrual problems are most common in nursing students? Irregular periods and PMS are very common, affecting 80.7% and 54% of students respectively. Many said these problems affected their daily activities and schoolwork. Survey study, 2012 Is there a link between premenstrual symptoms and period pain in teenage girls? Yes, girls with worse period pain are more likely to have moderate-to-severe PMS or PMDD. However, this shows correlation, not which problem causes the other. Survey study, 2011 How common are period pain and PMS in Korean teenage girls? Very common. 82% of girls experienced painful periods and 58.8% experienced PMS symptoms. Most girls didn't seek medical help. Non-randomised trial, 2011 Do contraceptive patches work better than contraceptive pills for adolescents? Patch and pills had similar effects on mood, periods, and side effects over 9 cycles. Fewer people continued using the patch long-term, with 38% of patch users versus 60% of pill users still using their method after 9 cycles. Survey study, 2011 How do teenage girls feel about menstruation and premenstrual symptoms? Most teenage girls experience premenstrual symptoms (63%) and view them as normal (61%). Girls with more severe symptoms are more likely to seek medical help. Study, 2011 Does the premenstrual phase change how the brain responds to rewards? Yes. Brain scans showed that the reward-processing part of the brain is more active during the premenstrual phase than during other times in the cycle, especially in women with more premenstrual symptoms. Survey study, 2011 What medications do young women use for period cramps? Young women in Taiwan use both Western medicines like Panadol and traditional Chinese medicines like Si-Wu-Tang. Women with more symptoms were more likely to use any type of medication. Survey study, 2011 Is premenstrual syndrome more common in women born very premature? No. Premenstrual symptoms are not more common in women born preterm at very low birth weight compared to those born at normal term. Survey study, 2011 How common is premenstrual syndrome in Sri Lankan adolescent schoolgirls and how does it affect them? About 8.75% of Sri Lankan adolescent schoolgirls have premenstrual syndrome. It significantly interferes with school activities, relationships, and daily routines. Randomised trial, 2011 Do different sanitary pads affect sleep during menstruation? No. Neither pad A nor pad B changed sleep quality compared to each other or to sleep during the follicular phase. Survey study, 2010 How many female students have PMS and what causes it? About half of female students (49.7%) have PMS. Having painful periods, a mother with PMS, and irregular periods after starting university were linked to higher PMS risk. Study, 2010 Does pregnancy or menstruation affect OCD symptoms? Yes. About 1 in 3 women with OCD saw symptoms start during pregnancy or after birth. Women whose OCD began during this time are more likely to have worsening with their period. Survey study, 2010 How many teenage girls in Japan have PMS or PMDD? 64.6% of Japanese high school girls reported premenstrual symptoms. While this was lower than in adult women, the rate of moderate-to-severe PMS and PMDD was actually higher in teenagers, and symptoms significantly affected their daily activities. Interview study, 2010 How common is PMS in young Saudi women and what factors increase risk? 35.6% of female medical students in Saudi Arabia were diagnosed with PMS. Risk factors included being older, living in a rural area, having a family history of PMS, and starting periods at a younger age. Non-randomised trial, 2009 How do sex hormones, menstrual cycle phase, and birth control pills affect adolescent stress responses? Oral contraceptive users had an unusual response to stress with cortisol that decreased during stress, while non-pill users had increases in cortisol similar to adults. Menstrual cycle phase did not affect stress responses. Case-control study, 2009 Does exercise reduce premenstrual syndrome in young women? No. Physically active university students had similar PMS rates as inactive students, with about half experiencing PMS in both groups. Survey study, 2009 What factors are linked to more severe premenstrual syndrome in adolescents? Stress, earlier age of first period, and higher physical activity are each independently linked to worse PMS symptoms. This is moderate confidence from one high school study. Case-control study, 2009 How common is irritable bowel syndrome in Korean teenage girls and what causes it? One in four Korean teenage girls has IBS. Stress, anxiety, and depression were strongly linked to IBS, with depression showing the strongest connection. Case-control study, 2008 Does smoking increase the risk of PMS? Yes. Current smokers were 2.1 times more likely than never smokers to develop PMS over 2-4 years. Women who started smoking before age 15 had 2.53 times higher risk. Cohort study, 2008 How common is PMS in medical students and how much does it affect their quality of life? 51% of medical students had PMS, with 5.8% having severe PMDD. PMS significantly impaired their mental and physical quality of life and academic performance. Cohort study, 2008 Does age at menarche affect how much premenstrual symptoms women have? Women who started their period before age 11 reported more symptoms and syndrome, but the difference was not strong enough to be certain it wasn't just chance. Randomised trial, 2008 How common are PMS and PMDD in teenage girls? At least 20% of adolescents have moderate-to-severe premenstrual symptoms that interfere with daily life. However, large research studies focused on teenagers have not been done, so exact numbers and the best treatments are not well understood. Survey study, 2008 Do women with epilepsy have different hormone patterns or menstrual-related seizures? Yes. Women with epilepsy had lower levels of certain reproductive hormones compared to healthy women, and about 31% had seizures that relate to their menstrual cycle. Study, 2008 Is YAZ birth control safe and does it help PMDD? YAZ is a birth control pill approved to prevent pregnancy, treat PMDD, and treat moderate acne. Large studies found it is safe with no increased risk of serious blood complications compared to other birth control pills. Case-control study, 2007 Does progesterone activate the part of the brain that handles fear and emotion? In 18 healthy women, taking progesterone doses that matched luteal phase levels significantly increased activity in the amygdala (the brain's emotion and fear center) when viewing emotional images. This may explain why progesterone could cause anxiety in women with PMDD. Case-control study, 2007 What environmental and hormonal factors affect asthma severity in women? Body weight and hormonal changes around the menstrual cycle are associated with asthma severity in women. Smoking and occupational exposures also increase severity. Case-control study, 2007 Is history of adolescent abuse associated with PMS in adulthood? Yes. Women who experienced physical or sexual abuse in adolescence had significantly more PMS in adulthood, and their symptoms were more severe with more depression and mood problems. Survey study, 2007 Are period pain and premenstrual symptoms connected? Yes. Students who had premenstrual symptoms reported more painful periods. Those with irregular periods also reported worse pain than those with regular cycles. Survey study, 2006 What menstrual problems do adolescent girls experience? Most adolescent girls in Malaysia experience premenstrual syndrome (74.6 percent) or painful periods (69.4 percent). More than one-third have irregular cycle lengths, but few seek medical care. Lab study, 2006 Do mood swings happen the same way in people taking birth control pills compared to people not taking them? In young healthy women, mood worsened before menstruation and improved around ovulation regardless of birth control pill use. The mood patterns were the same in both groups. Review, 2006 How common is PMS in teenagers and how should it be treated? An estimated 60-80% of menstruating teenagers experience some premenstrual symptoms. Those with moderate to severe symptoms that disrupt their lives meet criteria for PMS or PMDD. Treatment begins with education and lifestyle changes. Survey study, 2006 How common is PMS in teenage girls in the UAE and how much does it affect them? PMS affects 16.4% of teenage schoolgirls in the UAE and seriously impacts their school performance, social interactions, and emotional wellbeing. Case-control study, 2004 Do menstrual characteristics and pregnancy history predict depression risk? Yes, earlier age at first period, heavier periods, and irregular periods in early menstruation predicted higher depression risk. Women with multiple miscarriages or abortions had 2-3 times higher depression risk. Randomised trial, 2004 Does the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle affect mood and brain function? Yes. In the luteal phase, women showed slower word-finding, lower mood scores, and changes in stress hormone levels, though reaction times were faster. Cohort study, 2004 What risk factors cause PMDD to develop? Traumatic events, anxiety disorders, and high daily stress significantly increase the risk of developing PMDD. Women who already had subthreshold PMDD at the start were at highest risk. Survey study, 2004 Does sleep quality change at different times of the menstrual cycle? Yes, sleep quality feels worse during the 3 days before your period and the 4 days of menstruation. However, the total amount of sleep and how long it takes to fall asleep do not change across the cycle. Study, 2002 Does memory performance change at different times during the menstrual cycle? Some types of memory and thinking skills changed across the menstrual cycle, particularly during the high-hormone phase, though the pattern varied by task type. Estrogen appears responsible for these changes, not progesterone. Case-control study, 2002 Do menstrual characteristics and PMS differ in women with Parkinson's disease? Overall, women with Parkinson's disease had similar menstrual characteristics and PMS rates as healthy women. However, women whose disease started before menopause had notably more severe PMS and dysmenorrhea than those with later disease onset. Cohort study, 2002 How common is PMDD in midlife women, and what raises the risk? In this large community study, about 6.4% of women who tracked symptoms daily actually met the criteria for PMDD. Lower education, a past history of major depression, and current smoking were linked to higher odds of PMDD, while not working outside the home was linked to lower odds. Cohort study, 2002 How common is PMDD and does it stick around? PMDD affects 5.8% of young women and tends to persist. Most women with PMDD also have anxiety or other mental health conditions, use healthcare more, and have higher suicide rates. Survey study, 2002 Does sexual behavior change across different phases of the menstrual cycle? Sexual behavior varies across cycle phases. Masturbation is highest during the follicular and ovulatory phases for women without a partner, but not for those with a live-in partner. Sexual activity with a partner peaks in the follicular phase for both groups. Survey study, 2001 What behaviors and factors are linked to breast pain during the menstrual cycle? Smoking, caffeine consumption, and stress are each associated with more breast pain. Birth control pills are associated with less breast pain and PMS. Randomised trial, 2001 Can long-acting bronchodilators prevent asthma from getting worse before the period? Yes. In women whose asthma worsens before their period, salmeterol given for 10 days before menstruation completely prevented worsening in 54% of them and partially prevented it in 15%. Survey study, 1999 How common are menstrual problems in teenage girls and do they relate to early puberty? Menstrual pain was very common (69.60%), and over half the girls (51.20%) had PMS symptoms. Girls who started menstruating earlier experienced significantly more menstrual pain. Study, 1997 Does asthma get worse before your period? Yes. Women with asthma have significantly more airway tightening during the premenstrual phase of their cycle, even though their asthma is normally well controlled. Survey study, 1997 How common is breast pain before your period and does it affect daily life? Very common. 69% of women get premenstrual breast discomfort and 11% have moderate-to-severe pain. It affects sexual activity in 48% of women. Study, 1996 Can probiotics and an antidepressant reduce severe PMS symptoms? Yes. Women treated with probiotics and the antidepressant SAMe had their symptoms reduce from severe to mild. However, the improvement didn't last long after they stopped the supplements. Cohort study, 1996 Do girls' expectations about menstruation affect their later PMS symptoms? Yes. A study of 80 girls found that their expectations about menstrual changes before their first period predicted how they experienced PMS and menstrual symptoms later. Study, 1996 What PMS symptoms do teenage girls experience? In teenage girls aged 16-18, headache is the most common physical PMS symptom (39%) and irritability is the most common mood symptom (46%). Study, 1995 Is PMS linked to genes, environment, or personality traits? PMS, depression, and traits like neuroticism appear to share common genetic influences. However, PMS also has specific environmental causes separate from personality traits. Randomised trial, 1995 Do desipramine and methylscopolamine help premenstrual syndrome? Both significantly reduced PMS symptoms compared to baseline with similar effectiveness. The study was very small with no placebo control, making it hard to be certain of the true effect. Cohort study, 1993 Are premenstrual symptoms linked to emotional distress in teenage girls? Yes. Girls with premenstrual symptoms had significantly more emotional distress than those without, but period pain alone was not linked to emotional distress. Randomised trial, 1993 Can estrogen prevent bone loss from GnRH analogue treatment? Yes. Adding estrogen therapy prevented the significant bone loss that occurred when women took the GnRH drug Zoladex alone. Non-randomised trial, 1993 Do thyroid problems cause premenstrual syndrome, and can thyroid hormone treat it? A small number of women with PMS had obvious thyroid disease (10.5%), and a larger number had subtle thyroid abnormalities (30%), but thyroid hormone treatment was no better than placebo for PMS overall. Cohort study, 1992 How common is premenstrual syndrome in teenagers and what predicts who develops it? About 14% of 15-year-old girls had PMS. It was associated with current anxiety, inattention, and poor overall health, but childhood health was not predictive. Case-control study, 1992 Can a mother's PMS affect whether her daughter gets PMS? Daughters of mothers with PMS are much more likely to have PMS themselves. 79% of daughters whose mothers had PMS got symptoms, compared to only 18% of daughters whose mothers did not have PMS. Cohort study, 1991 Does having a mother with PMS affect a daughter's symptoms? Adolescents and adults experience similar severity of premenstrual symptoms, but when mothers have PMS, both mothers and daughters tend to experience significantly more premenstrual symptoms than families without PMS. This suggests PMS may run in families. Study, 1991 Does exposure to DES before birth affect period symptoms in adult women? Mostly no. Women exposed to DES in the womb reported similar period symptoms to unexposed women. The only possible difference was slightly more water retention symptoms in the exposed group. Study, 1991 How does mood change throughout 2 weeks in women with PMS compared to women without PMS? Women with PMS experienced significantly greater mood changes over 2 weeks compared to women without PMS, showing much larger ups and downs in mood from day to day. Case-control study, 1991 How common are premenstrual symptoms in teenage girls, and what factors affect them? 80% of teenage girls had at least one premenstrual symptom, with 25% experiencing pain that severely interfered with daily activities. Symptoms varied by ethnic background and smoking. Cohort study, 1990 What is the prevalence of late luteal phase dysphoric disorder in young university women? 4.6% of young university women met diagnostic criteria. Women in the general population with the disorder reported significantly fewer symptoms than those seeking medical treatment. Randomised trial, 1989 What causes PMS and how should adolescents with it be treated? The exact cause of PMS is not yet known. Adolescents with PMS should be managed with reassurance, diet, and exercise rather than medication, because no single treatment has been proven effective in rigorous studies. Cohort study, 1985 How common are period symptoms in teenage girls? Period pain is very common, affecting 44 to 64% of girls, while pain before the period is less common. Symptoms vary widely between girls and often improve after the first few years of having periods. Review, 1981 What causes period pain and how is it treated? Period pain is caused by increased muscle activity in the uterus and is effectively treated with birth control pills or medications called prostaglandin inhibitors. Survey study, 1979 How common is painful periods and premenstrual tension in teenage girls? Very common and worsens with age. Painful periods ranged from 7.2% in the first menstrual year to 26% five years later, reaching 56.5% by ages 17 to 20. Painful periods run in families. Randomised trial, 2026 Is Pilates exercise more effective than stretching for reducing PMS symptoms? Yes. In this small randomized trial of 20 college students with PMS, Pilates was significantly better than stretching exercises at reducing symptoms. Cohort study, 2026 What menstrual and premenstrual problems do girls with intellectual disability experience? Adolescent girls with intellectual disability commonly experience painful periods (94.2%), severe pain (67.3%), and premenstrual mood and behavioral symptoms. Most need significant caregiver help with menstrual hygiene and require integrated support. Survey study, 2026 Do teenage girls understand premenstrual syndrome? More than half (53.3%) of 60 girls aged 15-17 demonstrated adequate knowledge of PMS. Family income was associated with knowledge level, but age and religion were not. Survey study, 2026 How common is PMS among college-going girls in India? More than half had some PMS symptoms. 27.5% had severe PMS and 3.5% had very severe PMS. Non-randomised trial, 2026 Does aerobic exercise help reduce PMS symptoms? In this small study, PMS symptom scores were lower after an aerobic exercise program, but because there was no comparison group, we can't be fully sure exercise alone caused the change. Non-randomised trial, 2026 Does teaching about PMS improve adolescent girls' knowledge of the condition? Yes. Seven days after a structured teaching programme, adolescent girls showed significantly higher knowledge scores compared to before the teaching (p<0.05). This suggests education can improve understanding of PMS. Non-randomised trial, 2026 Can teaching girls about distraction help them manage PMS better? Yes, after a teaching program about distraction activities, girls showed higher knowledge scores (50.9% to 82.1%) and greater use (56.07% to 80.73%). However, there was no control group to compare against. Survey study, 2026 Is good nutrition linked to less PMS in teenage girls? Yes, there is a significant but weak link. Better nutritional status was slightly associated with fewer PMS symptoms. Non-randomised trial, 2026 Do women experience more aggression and impulsiveness before their period? Yes. A study of 40 young women found aggression and impulsiveness were significantly higher during the 7 days before menstruation compared to the 7 days after. Survey study, 2026 Why is understanding PMS awareness in teenage girls important? PMS is under-recognized in adolescents and many teenage girls have knowledge gaps about it. Better awareness and education could help young women recognize and manage symptoms earlier. Survey study, 2026 Is anxiety linked to irregular menstrual cycles in teenage girls? Yes. Among 65 high school students in Indonesia, those with higher anxiety levels were significantly more likely to have irregular menstrual cycles. The relationship was strong and statistically significant. Cohort study, 2026 Are eating behaviors linked to how severe a woman's PMS symptoms are? Yes, women with severe PMS showed different eating behaviors than those with milder symptoms, particularly in hunger and fullness recognition. However, the study shows only correlation, not whether eating patterns cause PMS. Survey study, 2026 Is PMS linked to body size and how much time women spend sitting? Yes. Women with higher PMS severity had larger waist circumference, higher waist-to-hip ratio, and spent more time being sedentary, especially on weekends. Survey study, 2026 Does low calcium intake relate to PMS in teenage girls? Girls with low calcium intake were more likely to have PMS and period pain. However, we cannot prove that eating more calcium would reduce PMS based on this snapshot study. Survey study, 2026 Does exercise and good sleep reduce PMS in teenage girls? Teenage girls who exercised more had much less severe PMS, and those with better sleep also had less severe PMS. Both links are strong and statistically significant. Survey study, 2026 Do teen girls with ADHD have more suicidal thoughts when angry before their period? Teen girls with ADHD are more likely to have PMDD and premenstrual anger. However, overall depression appears to be the main driver of suicide risk, not premenstrual anger alone. Cohort study, 2026 Do adolescents with PMS have different blood pressure patterns across the menstrual cycle? Adolescents with and without PMS had similar overall blood pressure readings. However, within the PMS group, blood pressure changed across the cycle, with higher systolic blood pressure during the luteal phase. The clinical significance is unclear. Survey study, 2026 Do girls who experienced childhood abuse or neglect have higher PMDD symptoms? Yes. Girls who experienced childhood abuse or neglect reported higher PMDD symptoms compared to girls with limited abuse or neglect. This is a cross-sectional study, so we cannot know if maltreatment causes PMDD. Study, 2026 Does evening primrose oil help teenage girls and young women with menstrual cycle problems? 86.79% had improvements. Girls with PMS reported better sleep and memory. Those with PCOS reported better mood and appearance. Non-randomised trial, 2026 Is Pilates exercise or Vitex agnus supplement more effective at reducing PMS symptoms? Yes, both reduced PMS symptoms after 2 months (p<0.001), but Pilates was significantly more effective than Vitex agnus (p<0.001). The study lacked randomization and did not compare to standard PMS treatments. Survey study, 2026 Is low calcium linked to worse PMS symptoms? Low calcium was linked to worse PMS symptoms, but the connection was weak. The study was small and from one school, so we cannot be sure this applies to all girls. Review, 2026 Is premenstrual dysphoric disorder now recognized in the international diagnosis system? Yes. ICD-11 now officially recognizes premenstrual dysphoric disorder as a depressive disorder, with seven new specifiers to describe depressive disorders. Specific guidance for children and adolescents still needs more research. Survey study, 2026 How common is PMS in adolescents and what factors relate to it? PMS was detected in 73.3% of adolescents aged 12-18. Older age and later age at menarche were associated with higher PMS scores. Survey study, 2026 Is there a good way to measure menstrual symptoms in teenage girls? Yes. Researchers developed a 12-item scale to measure menstrual symptoms in teenage girls. When different people used it to rate responses, they showed very strong agreement. Survey study, 2026 Does PMS affect how college students live their daily lives? Yes. About 81% of students had severe PMS, and those with PMS had significantly lower lifestyle quality scores than those without (124 vs 131, p=0.002). Non-randomised trial, 2026 Can ginger tea help reduce PMS symptoms in teenage girls? In this small study, drinking ginger decoction before periods was linked to a significant drop in PMS severity, but the study did not compare against a separate control group getting no treatment, so the result is not fully certain. Survey study, 2026 Does yoga reduce PMS severity in adolescent girls? Yes. Adolescent girls who did yoga for 12 weeks had significantly reduced PMS severity compared to those who did not do yoga. Cohort study, 2026 Does starting hormonal contraception between ages 13 and 17 reduce premenstrual symptoms by age 18? This is a planned study that has not yet been completed. No results are available yet to answer this question. Survey study, 2026 Is there a link between eating disorders and PMS in adolescents? Yes. Significant links were found between PMS severity and eating disorder symptoms, including obsession with healthy eating. Survey study, 2026 Do suicidal thoughts change across the menstrual cycle? The study found no clear pattern of suicidal thoughts changing with cycle phases. However, feelings like depression, anger, and irritability (which do vary across the cycle) were linked to suicidal thoughts. Survey study, 2026 What factors are linked to PMS in teenagers? Several factors are linked to PMS in teenagers: knowledge about PMS, nutritional status, age of first period, daily behaviors, and stress level. Interview study, 2026 How do eating behavior and mood change during the menstrual cycle in women using birth control? Women not using birth control showed more emotional and compulsive eating in the early cycle phase, while women using birth control pills showed less change. This is a small study of 84 university students. Cohort study, 2026 Do genetics and stress factors affect how severe premenstrual symptoms are? Yes. Women with genes linked to depression plus stress factors like low emotional resilience, childhood trauma, or alcohol use had significantly more severe symptoms and higher odds of probable PMS disorder. Survey study, 2026 Do difficult childhood experiences lead to worse PMS symptoms as an adult? Yes. Among 399 university students in Türkiye, 71.7% had PMS symptoms, and those who reported difficult childhood experiences had worse PMS symptoms. Difficult childhood experiences and worse PMS were clearly linked. Survey study, 2026 Does PMS affect how well young women sleep? This study set out to check whether premenstrual syndrome is linked to poorer sleep in women aged 18 to 25, but the text available here only describes the background and methods, not the actual results, so no clear answer can be given from what is provided. Survey study, 2026 What natural and alternative treatments do teenage women use for acne that happens before their period? 79.9% of teenage women use at least one natural treatment for premenstrual acne, most commonly natural masks, steam baths, and herbal products. They choose these because they believe they are natural and safe. Survey study, 2026 Which lifestyle habits are linked to PMS in teenage girls? Poor sleep and high stress predict PMS, with stress being strongest (AOR=6.468); exercise was not linked. However, this was a small study in one school in Indonesia, so findings may not generalize. Survey study, 2026 Do longer periods mean worse PMS? Yes, women whose periods last longer than seven days were more likely to have PMS. When they got their first period and their weight did not affect PMS. Non-randomised trial, 2026 Does group counseling reduce PMS symptoms in school students? Yes. Group counseling significantly reduced PMS symptoms across all types (emotional, behavioral, thinking-related, physical) and functional problems. Quality of life improved substantially, and severe school interference dropped from 15.9% to 2.3%. Survey study, 2026 Do adolescents have pain in multiple body areas during periods and does this connect to other symptoms? Yes. Adolescents had pain in an average of 2.8 body areas during menstruation, and widespread pain was significantly linked to more PMS symptoms, fatigue, sleep problems, and body sensitivity. Survey study, 2026 What non-drug methods do teenage girls use to manage PMS? Many teenage girls use non-drug approaches like rest, music, relaxation, and dietary changes for PMS. However, this study only describes what they do, not whether these methods actually work. Interview study, 2026 How do parents talk to their teenage daughters about starting their period? Parents experience emotional challenges discussing menstruation with their daughters. Cultural attitudes that treat menstruation as taboo shape these conversations, and gender roles affect how openly families discuss it. Survey study, 2026 Can health education help adolescent girls understand menstrual disorders and severe premenstrual disorder? Health education clearly improved girls' knowledge about menstrual disorders and severe premenstrual disorder. Before education, 82.5% had less than adequate knowledge. After education, all students achieved very good understanding. Non-randomised trial, 2026 Does peer counseling via social media improve adolescent girls' attitudes toward managing PMS? Yes, possibly. Girls with good attitudes toward PMS increased from 20% to 65% after social media-based peer counseling. However, this study had no control group, so we cannot be certain counseling caused the improvement. Non-randomised trial, 2026 Can yoga reduce PMS pain in teenage girls? Yes, in this small study yoga therapy significantly reduced PMS pain intensity, but the study was small and had no comparison group. Survey study, 2026 What symptoms do young women have with premenstrual syndrome and how do they manage? Young women experience multiple physical and emotional PMS symptoms. Most use home remedies like sleep, rest, music, and phone distraction to cope. Review, 2026 What should doctors know about PMS and PMDD in teenagers? PMS and PMDD are common in teenagers and affect school, friendships, and mental health because the body is overly sensitive to normal hormone changes. SSRIs (antidepressants), birth control pills, exercise, therapy, and lifestyle changes can help, though most evidence comes from adult studies. Review, 2026 How should doctors recognize and treat PMS and PMDD in young people? PMS and PMDD are common in adolescents and young adults worldwide and substantially damage emotional well-being and daily functioning. The review examined diagnostic tools, how common these conditions are, what causes them, and treatment options including both medicines and lifestyle approaches. Survey study, 2026 What premenstrual symptoms are most common, and what factors predict worse symptoms? Emotional and functional symptoms like mood swings and loss of interest were most common. Older age, lower family income, lower parental education, and starting periods at a younger age were linked to more severe symptoms. Survey study, 2026 How many teenage girls in Nepal have PMS and how does it affect them? Almost two-thirds of teenage girls in this school have PMS. It most strongly affects their friendships and school engagement, but less than 5% report low grades. Cohort study, 2026 Does psychological distress explain why PMS reduces well-being? Possibly. Psychological distress accounted for 78.7% of the connection between PMS and reduced well-being in adolescent girls. However, this cross-sectional study cannot prove cause and effect. Study, 2026 How common is premenstrual syndrome in teenage girls? Premenstrual syndrome is very common in teenage girls. About 85.7% reported irritability, 60.7% had anger, 40.7% had headaches, and 8.5% had very severe symptoms. Survey study, 2026 How common is PMS in Yemen and what lifestyle factors affect it? About 41.1% had moderate-to-severe PMS. Being overweight, eating fast food, chewing qat, and living in a rural area were linked to worse symptoms. Interview study, 2026 What causes PMS in teenage girls? Most potential causes studied were not linked to PMS in teenage girls. Only diet factors showed a link: caffeine and sugar consumption, and frequent junk food were significantly associated with PMS. Survey study, 2026 Is PMS or PMDD linked to eating disorders? Yes. Women with PMDD had higher scores for eating disorders, emotional eating, and uncontrolled eating than women without PMS. The link between PMDD and emotional eating was strongest in overweight women. Survey study, 2026 Does self-injury or difficult childhood experiences increase PMDD risk in adolescents? Yes. This study found clear relationships between self-injurious behavior and PMDD, and between adverse childhood experiences and PMDD in adolescent girls, suggesting both are risk factors. Survey study, 2026 Does childhood trauma cause worse PMS, and does dwelling on negative thoughts explain why? Yes. Childhood trauma directly increases PMS severity, and rumination (dwelling on problems) partially explains this relationship. Survey study, 2026 What factors influence PMS severity in adolescent girls? Mental health is the strongest factor. Girls with higher mental health problems, lower positive beliefs about PMS and fewer enabling resources have more severe PMS. Survey study, 2026 Can watching a YouTube video teach teenage girls more about PMS? Yes, in this small study, a YouTube-based health talk clearly improved girls' knowledge about PMS, but it only measured knowledge, not whether symptoms improved. Survey study, 2026 Are PMS symptoms and injuries common in teen girls who play competitive badminton? Yes, in this small study most of the young badminton players had at least one PMS symptom, and about one in seven had a knee or back injury linked to the sport. Playing badminton for longer was linked to more PMS symptoms, but this study cannot prove that badminton causes PMS. Interview study, 2026 What do female employees and high school girls understand about PMDD? High school girls were more aware of PMDD than working women, though both groups understood roughly the same amount. Being more aware did not necessarily mean understanding the condition better. Survey study, 2026 Does poor nutrition and eating junk food affect PMS? Yes, girls with higher BMI and those who ate junk food or fast food had worse PMS symptoms. Results only apply to this school. Survey study, 2026 Does eating more ultra-processed food make PMS symptoms worse? Yes, this study found that eating more ultra-processed food was linked to worse PMS symptoms, but it cannot prove that the food caused the symptoms. Survey study, 2026 What do college women know about PMS and period care? College women in India have low PMS awareness and poor hygiene practices. Only 52% were aware of PMS, and 82% did not practice good menstrual hygiene. Survey study, 2026 How common is PMDD in Russian medical students, and what are its symptoms? About 14.3% of medical students had PMDD, or 25.4% including mild forms. Most common symptoms were depression (87.9%), anxiety (48.3%), and sleep problems (31.0%). Survey study, 2026 Does diet affect PMS differently depending on a woman's gut bacteria? In this small study, women who produced equol (a chemical made by gut bacteria from soy) showed no link between eating vegetables and worse PMS, while women without equol showed a link. The study is too small and observational to know if changing diet helps. Survey study, 2026 How do pre-menstrual symptoms affect the work and social life of young women? Pre-menstrual symptoms affect 51.3% of women aged 15-35 with mild-to-moderate PMS and 7.5% with PMDD, significantly disrupting work and social activities. The severity of symptoms directly predicts how much they interfere with daily life. Study, 2026 What is Japan's obstetrics and gynecology society doing about PMS and PMDD awareness? This report describes committee activities for the 2025 fiscal year, including work on raising awareness of PMS and PMDD, but it does not present new research results or test any treatment. Survey study, 2025 How much do high school girls know about PMS? High school girls have very low PMS knowledge. 75% had poor knowledge, and girls from rural areas knew significantly less than those from urban areas. Non-randomised trial, 2025 Can teaching about PMS improve adolescent girls' knowledge? Yes. A PowerPoint presentation and pamphlets significantly improved knowledge scores about PMS and its management in adolescent girls. Survey study, 2025 Does PMS affect thinking ability, sleep quality, and attention in teenage girls? Yes. Teenage girls with PMS had lower scores on thinking tests, worse sleep quality, and a shorter Stroop effect duration than girls without PMS. Survey study, 2025 What are the most common premenstrual symptoms among adolescent girls in Chandigarh? The most common premenstrual symptoms were headaches (67%), breast pain (62%), and anxiety or tension (59%). These findings are from one city in India with 100 girls, so they may not represent all adolescent girls. Survey study, 2025 How much do adolescent girls know about premenstrual syndrome? Among nursing students, none had good knowledge of premenstrual syndrome; 46.7% had poor knowledge and 53.3% had average knowledge. This very small sample from one nursing college cannot tell us whether all adolescent girls have similar knowledge gaps. Survey study, 2025 How common are premenstrual symptoms among adolescent girls? The study found an average premenstrual symptom score of 44.36 and average coping behavior score of 11.32, but without interpretation of what these scores mean, the practical significance is unclear. The small sample size of 50 limits what we can conclude. Study, 2025 Can mood activities and chocolate help with PMS emotional symptoms? In one case, an adolescent woman's emotional distress during PMS improved when she did mood-boosting activities and ate chocolate. Survey study, 2025 What factors most affect premenstrual syndrome in teenage girls? Poor sleep quality was the strongest factor. Girls with poor sleep had 9 times higher risk of PMS than girls with good sleep. Survey study, 2025 Is school bullying linked to premenstrual disorders in adolescent girls? Yes, bullied girls were 3.15 times more likely to have premenstrual disorders. Social and verbal bullying had the strongest links. Cohort study, 2025 Does worse PMS pain and concentration problems affect a woman's balance during her cycle? Yes. Women with more pain and concentration problems during menstruation had poorer balance. Women with worse overall symptoms before their period also had poorer balance, though the study was very small with no comparison group. Survey study, 2025 Are girls with ADHD or autism more likely to have severe PMS or PMDD? Yes, girls with ADHD were 2.43 times more likely to have moderate to severe PMS, and girls with both autism and ADHD were 3.27 times more likely. Girls with only autism did not show this link. Interview study, 2025 Does sleep quality affect how severe PMS symptoms are? Yes. Poor sleep was linked to more severe PMS symptoms, including anger, anxiety, mood changes, and fatigue. Survey study, 2025 Does eating fewer calories affect sleep during the menstrual cycle? Yes. Eating 55% fewer calories disrupts sleep in healthy young women, especially in the late luteal phase when hormone levels are higher. Survey study, 2025 What are menstrual cycle patterns in elite female basketball players? Most (78.51%) had regular cycles averaging 27.69 days. Most (86.84%) experienced period pain, and 77.63% had PMS symptoms. About 22.81% experienced absent periods. Survey study, 2025 Does the COVID-19 vaccine affect menstrual cycles and PMS symptoms? Yes. The study found a clear link between COVID-19 vaccination and menstrual cycle changes, with more changes in certain age groups and those with different period patterns. Survey study, 2025 What factors are related to PMS in high school girls? Sleep quality and stress were clearly related to PMS. Sleep quality was the strongest factor linked to PMS. Weight, menstrual cycle length, and age at first period were not related to PMS. Randomised trial, 2025 Can combined therapy reduce emotional effects of PMS in teenage girls? Yes. Teenage girls who received 10 sessions of combined cognitive behavioral therapy and narrative therapy showed significant reductions in rumination and catastrophic thinking about pain. Improvements lasted at follow-up. Non-randomised trial, 2025 Does education about yoga help treat PMS symptoms? Knowledge about treating PMS with yoga increased after the education session. Yoga may help control stress, anxiety, depression, and dysmenorrhea, though the study only measured knowledge gain, not symptom improvement. Non-randomised trial, 2025 Does an educational video help teenagers with PMS knowledge and anxiety? Yes. The study found the video was effective at increasing knowledge and improving behavior and reducing anxiety in teenagers with PMS (p = 0.0001). However, there was no control group so we cannot be certain the video caused the changes. Non-randomised trial, 2025 Does acupressure help relieve PMS symptoms? Acupressure reduced PMS symptom severity and improved ability to function in nursing students. The study did not have a control group and reported results qualitatively, so we cannot be very confident about how much improvement occurred. Non-randomised trial, 2025 Does autogenic relaxation help manage mood swings in PMS? Autogenic relaxation (focused breathing and attention techniques) improved mood in adolescent girls with PMS, with most shifting from negative to positive mood. The study lacked a control group, so we cannot be certain the improvement was due to the technique alone. Survey study, 2025 Do Pilates exercises reduce PMS symptoms better than stretching? Yes. Women who did Pilates exercises for 12 weeks showed much better reductions in PMS symptoms than those who did stretching exercises. Non-randomised trial, 2025 Does a teaching programme about PMS improve nursing students' knowledge? A structured teaching programme had a statistically significant effect on nursing students' knowledge about PMS. However, the study's results are confusing because it reported no significant difference between student groups at pre-test or post-test. Cohort study, 2025 Does online health literacy link to better menstrual and mental health in teenage girls? Yes, teenage girls better at finding and understanding online health information report less severe premenstrual symptoms, lower anxiety and loneliness, and higher self-esteem. This is an association, not proof of cause and effect. Interview study, 2025 How do cultural beliefs about menstruation affect adolescent girls' PMS experiences? Yes, cultural beliefs strongly influenced how girls experienced PMS, with cultural stigma and social pressure increasing stress, shame, and isolation. Social support, education, and changing cultural attitudes can reduce these negative effects. Survey study, 2025 What factors are linked to PMS in female graduate students? 40% experienced PMS. Stress, period pain, use of menstrual delaying medicine, and earlier menarche were significantly linked to higher PMS risk. Survey study, 2025 What factors increase suicide risk in young women with PMDD? About 28% of young women with PMDD have current suicide risk, with risk higher in those with panic disorder, depression, childhood trauma, or non-white skin color. The evidence is limited because only 128 women were assessed in one location. Survey study, 2025 What factors affect premenstrual syndrome in teenage girls? Physical activity, vitamin D intake, and sleep quality all affect PMS risk, with physical activity being the strongest factor. Survey study, 2025 Does iron level change during different phases of the menstrual cycle? Yes. Iron levels are lower in the follicular phase before ovulation than in the luteal phase after ovulation. This was one school study, so it may not apply to all girls. Survey study, 2025 How common are PMS and heavy menstrual bleeding in young Indian women? Between 14.3% and 74.4% of Indian women have PMS, and between 60% and 80% have at least one menstrual disorder. Many do not seek medical treatment. This is a very small observational study with limited detail. Survey study, 2025 Can a common yeast infection be found in the urine of girls before their periods? Yes, a small amount. Out of 23 girls tested, a few had a yeast called Candida albicans or a related fungus in their urine, but most had no fungus at all. Survey study, 2025 Do stretching and relaxation exercises reduce PMS symptoms in adolescent girls? Yes. In 94 adolescent girls who performed stretching and Mitchell relaxation exercises for 12 weeks, PMS symptoms significantly improved. The study found a clear difference between before and after the exercises. Survey study, 2025 Are women with ADHD more likely to have PMDD? Yes. Women with ADHD had PMDD at rates of 31.4% to 41.1%, compared to 9.8% without ADHD. We cannot be completely certain because this study relied on self-reported diagnoses. Survey study, 2025 What do young women know about menstruation and menstrual hygiene? Most young women know basic facts about menstruation, but many don't know where menstrual blood comes from. Many miss college due to period pain. Interview study, 2025 How do young lesbian women experience PMS and does partner support affect it? They reported typical PMS symptoms like irritability and depression. Unlike in studies of heterosexual women where PMS causes conflict, these women found that supportive partners and open communication actually reduced the burden. Survey study, 2025 Can a stress marker in saliva and stress levels predict PMS in teenage girls? In this small study, both stress and a saliva stress marker (alpha-amylase) were linked to PMS, but together they only predicted PMS with moderate accuracy, so they are not yet reliable PMS tests on their own. Survey study, 2025 How much do period problems like painful periods and PMS affect college girls' daily lives? Painful periods and PMS were common among college girls and affected their studies, physical health, mood, and social life, though the study does not give exact numbers. Survey study, 2025 Are mental health problems linked to period pain and lack of support? Yes. About 29% of girls experienced anxiety, 14% stress, and 32% depression. Those with moderate or severe period pain or without support during menstruation were more likely to experience these mental health problems. Study, 2025 Can adolescent girls manage PMS without medication? Yes. Evidence shows that physical activity, dietary changes, yoga, meditation, cognitive-behavioral therapy, and educational peer-support programs are all effective for reducing PMS symptom severity. Survey study, 2025 How many Indian schoolgirls have PMDD or PMS, and are age, height or weight linked to it? About 14.5% of the schoolgirls studied had PMDD and 54.5% had PMS symptoms. Age, height, weight, and school class were linked to premenstrual symptoms, with older age especially tied to more symptoms. Survey study, 2025 What factors are linked to PMS severity in female college students? BMI, menstrual flow amount, when menstruation started, and field of study were linked to PMS symptom severity. Survey study, 2025 How common is PMS among nursing students, and does it affect quality of life? Over two-thirds of students had moderate to severe PMS. PMS was strongly linked to worse quality of life. Survey study, 2025 Does childhood trauma affect PMS symptoms and how women experience childbirth? Yes, childhood trauma, especially emotional and physical neglect, was linked to both PMS and traumatic childbirth perception. Reproductive health education appeared to reduce this effect. Survey study, 2025 What is premenstrual syndrome and how can it be managed in adolescent girls? PMS is a combination of physical, emotional, and behavioral symptoms affecting 70-90% of women of reproductive age in Indonesia. It can be managed with medications like NSAIDs and antidepressants, or non-medication approaches like exercise and lifestyle changes. Survey study, 2025 How common are painful periods, PMS, and heavy bleeding in teenage girls in Sudan? Painful periods were most common at 56.8%, followed by PMS at 30.2% and heavy bleeding at 21%. However, these numbers come from Sudan only, so they may not apply elsewhere. Survey study, 2025 Is premenstrual syndrome linked to eating disorders in teenage girls? Yes. Girls with PMS symptoms had higher rates of eating disorders, particularly those with psychological and behavioral symptoms. Survey study, 2025 Does social media addiction and sleep disturbance affect PMS in female university students? Yes. Both social media addiction and sleep disturbances were significantly linked to PMS, with very strong evidence for sleep (p < 0.001) and strong evidence for social media (p = 0.002). Survey study, 2025 How common is PMS in high school girls, and which non-drug methods help reduce anxiety and stress? About 25% of high school girls had PMS. The most common non-drug methods used were yoga (58%), prayer (17.5%), and exercise. Survey study, 2025 Is childhood trauma linked to premenstrual syndrome? Yes. Women who experienced childhood trauma had more severe PMS symptoms. Higher trauma was associated with starting periods earlier, longer menstrual bleeding, and more severe PMS. Survey study, 2025 Does regular physical activity reduce PMS symptoms in adolescent girls? Yes, there is a statistically significant correlation. Girls who do more physical activity tend to have fewer or less severe PMS symptoms (p=0.018). Non-randomised trial, 2025 Does progressive muscle relaxation reduce PMS symptoms in teenage girls? Yes. Teenage girls in the treatment group showed significantly lower PMS scores after 20 days of daily relaxation exercises than girls in the control group. Non-randomised trial, 2025 Does singing bowl chakra massage therapy reduce PMS symptoms in teenage girls? Yes. Teenage girls who received singing bowl chakra massage therapy showed significantly lower PMS scores compared to the control group, with moderate to large effect sizes. Survey study, 2025 Does climate change anxiety affect premenstrual syndrome? Women with PMS had higher climate change anxiety scores. Women who felt affected by climate change were 2.1 times more likely to have PMS, though the study design doesn't show whether anxiety causes PMS or vice versa. Survey study, 2025 Is there a relationship between anxiety and PMS in female adolescents? Yes. Adolescents with severe anxiety had 1.6 times higher risk of PMS than those with mild anxiety. Most adolescents in the study had mild anxiety and no PMS. Survey study, 2025 Does stress cause PMS in adolescents? Strong link between stress and PMS: only 6.7% of mildly stressed girls had PMS, but 95.9% of severely stressed girls did. Sleep and exercise seemed protective. Survey study, 2025 Are violent tendencies linked to premenstrual symptoms? Students with higher PMS symptoms, especially anxiety, irritability, and sleep problems, had higher violence tendency scores. This shows a link in the data but doesn't prove that PMS causes violence. Survey study, 2025 What are the most common PMS symptoms in university students and how much do they affect daily life? All 150 students surveyed reported PMS symptoms. About 69% had moderate to severe physical symptoms like fatigue and pain, and 65% had psychological symptoms like anxiety and mood swings. Nearly half missed classes due to symptoms. Survey study, 2024 Did a teaching program help adolescent girls learn about managing PMS? The program taught management strategies including healthy eating, exercise, reduced salt and sugar, increased fiber, and adequate sleep. Survey study, 2024 Are stress, obesity, and lack of exercise related to PMS in teenage girls? Yes. The study found a clear relationship between all three factors and PMS. Girls with stress, obesity, and irregular exercise habits were more likely to have PMS. Survey study, 2024 Is physical activity or body fat related to PMS in teenage girls? Yes. Girls with higher body fat and certain waist measurements had worse PMS, and more active girls had less severe PMS. But this was only teenagers in one city and cannot prove these things cause PMS. Survey study, 2024 Does PMS or PMDD affect teenage girls' heart rhythm signals? This small study found that teens with premenstrual disorder had some different ECG (heart electrical) measurements than those without it, but it does not prove PMD causes dangerous heart rhythm problems. Survey study, 2024 Does teaching girls about PMS improve their knowledge? Yes, a teaching program significantly improved girls' knowledge about PMS. Before the program, 90% of girls had inadequate knowledge about it. Survey study, 2024 What is the impact of PMS on undergraduate girls and does lifestyle affect it? Most girls (56.9%) experienced severe PMS impact and 42.5% experienced moderate impact. Most girls had average lifestyle habits, but lifestyle and age did not predict PMS severity. Survey study, 2024 What factors are associated with PMS and PMDD in adolescent and young women? The study found that mood symptoms (anger, anxiety, irritability), physical symptoms (headache, weight gain), and higher BMI were significantly associated with PMS and PMDD. However, the study had very few cases of PMDD. Cohort study, 2024 Is eating certain foods associated with lower risk of premenstrual disorders? A diet high in rice, red meat, and poultry (Traditional South China Diet) was associated with lower rates of premenstrual disorders in this study. The reason for this association is unclear. Survey study, 2024 Is eating disturbance linked to worse PMS symptoms? Yes, women with eating disturbances were more likely to have PMS symptoms and more severe physical PMS symptoms. Survey study, 2024 How does the menstrual cycle affect ADHD symptoms in women? This paper proposes that estrogen drops during the cycle may worsen ADHD symptoms, but this theory is untested and so we cannot yet know if it is true. Survey study, 2024 How much do teenage girls know about premenstrual syndrome? Most teenage girls in this school did not know much about PMS. About 53% had low awareness. Survey study, 2024 Does diet or exercise affect PMS symptoms? In this study of women in India, there was no link between PMS and junk food, physical activity, sugar, salt, or citrus fruits. This is one small study in one city, so it may not apply to all women. Survey study, 2024 Do teenage girls in cities have more PMS than girls in the countryside? Yes, PMS was more common and more severe in teenage girls in urban areas compared to rural areas in India. This is one regional study though, so it may not apply everywhere. Survey study, 2024 Does menstruation increase anxiety, stress, and depression? Yes, women had significantly higher anxiety, stress, and depression during menstruation compared to non-menstruating days. Non-randomised trial, 2024 Does cognitive-behavioral or mindfulness stress management help reduce PMS in high school girls? The study compared cognitive-behavioral and mindfulness stress management for PMS in high school girls, but the results section of the abstract was not provided, so the effectiveness is unknown. Survey study, 2024 What factors are linked to PMDD in female university students? PMDD is common in this student population (62.6%), and appears linked to severe menstrual pain, irregular cycles, poor social support, and using contraception. Results come from one university in Ethiopia and may not apply elsewhere. Survey study, 2024 Is oxidative stress related to premenstrual symptoms in teenage girls? Girls with PMS had higher levels of protective molecules called thiols in their blood. This may mean their bodies are working to fight inflammation, but the meaning is not yet clear. Survey study, 2024 Do sports activities reduce PMS symptoms and improve mood in young women? Mood swings were significantly better in sports students (more positive) than non-sports students, but PMS symptoms showed no significant difference between the groups. This is low-strength evidence from a small observational study. Survey study, 2024 Does jogging help PMS and period pain? Yes. Jogging for 12 weeks improved PMS, period pain, and quality of life. Non-randomised trial, 2024 Does lavender aromatherapy reduce anxiety during premenstrual syndrome in teenage girls? Yes, lavender aromatherapy significantly reduced anxiety levels during PMS. Most girls shifted from moderate to mild anxiety after treatment. Survey study, 2024 How does period pain affect students' academic performance? Period pain significantly harms academic performance. About three quarters of students reported that mood swings during their period made it hard to concentrate, attend classes, take exams, and complete assignments. Survey study, 2024 Do traditional Indian healing practices reduce PMS and menstrual cramps? Most of the 20 women who followed a 3-month traditional Siddha practice (oil massage and lifestyle restrictions) reported fewer menstrual cramps and PMS symptoms. However, the study had no control group, so we can't know if improvements came from the practice or other factors. Survey study, 2024 What factors are related to PMS in adolescent girls? Stress, eating patterns, and exercise are statistically linked to PMS. This shows a relationship but doesn't prove they cause it. Survey study, 2024 What is the relationship between food cravings, vitamin A intake, and menstrual disorders? Women who craved high-fat and sweet foods were significantly more likely to have dysmenorrhea, PMS, and irregular menstrual cycles. Women consuming vitamin A-rich foods had substantially lower rates of dysmenorrhea and irregular cycles. Case report, 2024 Does green gram soup and barley porridge help PMS symptoms? One 14-year-old girl who ate green gram soup and barley porridge during the first three days of her menstrual period reported that her PMS symptoms improved over six menstrual cycles. This is based on just one case, so we cannot be sure it would help others. Survey study, 2024 Is there a link between body weight and PMS? Yes, there is a connection between body mass index and PMS (p=0.00 with a correlation of 0.456). We do not know from this study whether weight causes PMS or if PMS affects weight, or if both are caused by something else. Survey study, 2024 Are eating patterns and rest patterns related to PMS? Yes, both eating patterns and rest patterns are significantly associated with PMS in these midwifery students. Survey study, 2024 What is the prevalence and impact of PMS on quality of life in adolescent girls? About two-thirds of the girls studied had PMS, with headache being the most common symptom. Only about one-third reported good quality of life when asked about PMS effects. Survey study, 2024 Does stress make PMS symptoms worse? Yes, there is a significant relationship between high stress and more severe PMS symptoms. About 84.4% of the young women studied had moderate stress. Study, 2024 How do menstrual hormones affect sleep? Hormones from the menstrual cycle affect sleep, mood, body temperature, and stress responses. Women with PMS or PCOS often have sleep problems, and women with more emotional premenstrual symptoms tend to be sleepier in the week before their period. Survey study, 2024 What symptoms and life factors are most closely linked to PMS in young women? Anxiety showed up as the symptom most tightly connected to everything else in PMS, closely tied to low mood, and PMS was also linked to a history of painful periods and a neurotic personality type. This comes from one pattern-mapping study, not a trial, so it cannot prove what causes what. Survey study, 2024 Does asthma get worse around your period in teenagers? Yes, 75.5% of teenage girls with asthma reported their symptoms worsened around their period. This was a small study with no comparison group, so we cannot be completely certain. Survey study, 2024 How many adolescent girls have PMS and how much do they know about it? 32% of adolescent girls had PMS. However, 84% had no knowledge of what PMS is, suggesting most girls do not understand their symptoms. Interview study, 2024 How common is PMS in adolescent girls and what causes it? 86% of nursing students had PMS, with 54% experiencing moderate symptoms and 8% severe symptoms. Both lifestyle and personal factors influenced whether girls developed PMS. Survey study, 2024 Are physical activity, body weight, and blood pressure linked to PMS in adolescent girls? Girls with low physical activity and higher body weight were more likely to have PMS, but blood pressure showed no relationship. This was a small survey of 212 girls in one school in Indonesia, so findings may not apply to other populations. Survey study, 2024 How common is PMS among teenage girls, and how severe is it usually? In this group of 50 teenage girls, most had moderate PMS, with fewer having mild or severe symptoms. This suggests PMS is common in teenagers too, not just adult women. Survey study, 2024 How common is PMDD in working women and what factors are associated with it? PMDD occurs in 3.04% of working women in this region of China. Several factors appear associated including older age, irregular cycles, and higher caffeine intake, but results may not apply to other populations. Survey study, 2024 How common is moderate-to-severe PMS and PMDD among young women in India? Among 198 young women aged 17-30 in India, 23.5% had moderate-to-severe PMS and 2% had PMDD. PMS was significantly more common in students (30.6%) than working professionals (11.1%). Survey study, 2024 How common is PMS among university students and what lifestyle factors relate to less PMS? PMS is very common: 83% had psychological symptoms, 79.4% had physical symptoms, 76.6% had behavioral symptoms. Diet and lifestyle choices like normal weight, no smoking, and eating fruits and vegetables were linked to less PMS. Survey study, 2024 How common is PMS among teenage girls, and do they get help for it? PMS was found in about 61% of the adolescent girls studied, with roughly half of those having severe symptoms, and none had actually sought medical help for premenstrual complaints. This is one clinic-based study, so the exact numbers may not apply everywhere. Study, 2024 Does PMDD affect quality of life and depression more than regular PMS? Yes. Women with PMDD had much lower quality of life and much higher depression than women with PMS. Survey study, 2024 Is metabolic syndrome linked to worse PMS symptoms? Women with metabolic syndrome had significantly more severe PMS symptoms than those without it. However, we cannot be sure if metabolic syndrome causes the severity or if they are simply linked. Non-randomised trial, 2024 Does cognitive behavioral therapy help reduce PMDD symptoms in teenage girls? Yes. Adolescents with PMDD who received cognitive behavioral therapy showed significant symptom reduction compared to a no-treatment group. Randomised trial, 2024 Does Dioscorea esculenta powder reduce menstrual pain and PMS symptoms? Yes. Women who took this plant powder for 4 weeks had reduced pain and PMS symptoms, but the sample was extremely small. Survey study, 2024 Is psychological stress linked to menstrual problems? Yes. Higher stress was linked to more dysmenorrhea (period pain), premenstrual syndrome, and heavy bleeding in medical students. The study is associational, so we don't know if stress causes these problems or if they cause stress. Survey study, 2024 Does yoga reduce menstrual pain in teenage girls? Yes, yoga reduced menstrual pain. Pain scores fell from 5.15 to 3.00 after yoga. A clear difference was seen. Survey study, 2024 Is body fat percentage linked to PMS in teenage girls? Yes. Body fat percentage was the strongest factor linked to PMS. Adolescents with higher body fat had significantly higher odds of having PMS (odds ratio 2.468). Survey study, 2024 Do PMS and period pain affect how well adolescents sleep? Yes. Adolescents with PMS or period pain had clearly worse sleep quality than those without these problems. Survey study, 2024 Does knowing about Ayurvedic yoga make teenage girls more interested in practicing it for PMS? Yes, teenage girls with more knowledge about Ayurvedic yoga were significantly more interested in practicing it (p=0.00). Survey study, 2024 Does anxiety change at different times during the menstrual cycle in teenage girls? Yes. Girls had higher anxiety overall than boys. Among girls, those in the luteal phase before their period had higher anxiety than those in the menstrual phase. Survey study, 2024 How common is PMS in women with phenylketonuria, and does blood phenylalanine level predict symptoms? 39.1% of women with PKU experience PMS, with fatigue (55.4%), appetite changes (59.4%), and irritability (52.7%) being the most common symptoms. Blood phenylalanine levels did not predict who has PMS symptoms. Survey study, 2024 Does academic stress cause worse PMS symptoms in teenage girls? Yes, there is a clear relationship. Teenage girls with higher academic stress reported worse PMS symptoms. Study, 2024 Can researchers create a reliable tool to measure menstrual symptoms in teenage girls? Researchers developed a new measurement scale to assess menstrual symptoms in adolescents. In India, only 48% of teenage girls know about menstruation before their first period. Survey study, 2024 Can yoga and diet reduce premenstrual syndrome symptoms? The study found that female college students who did yoga regularly had lower PMS scores (88) than those who did not (100). However, this is an observation only and does not prove yoga prevents PMS. Survey study, 2023 What factors increase the risk of PMS or PMDD? Negative Rh blood type, earlier age at menstruation, caffeine use more than three times per week, and depression are linked to higher risk of PMS or PMDD. Survey study, 2023 What do adolescent girls know about PMS? Most girls (86.67%) had good knowledge about PMS, but 10% had poor knowledge. Girls whose mothers had higher education knew more about PMS. Survey study, 2023 How common are PMS symptoms in adolescent girls and what are their menstrual patterns? Most girls (80.6%) had high levels of PMS symptoms. Many had irregular menstrual cycles, which is normal in early adolescence. Survey study, 2023 Is there a link between PMS, aggression, and weight in teenage girls? Yes. As PMS symptoms got worse, aggression increased. Girls with higher weight also had more PMS and more aggression. Survey study, 2023 Does the type of diet a woman follows affect her PMS pain? Not significantly. While pain increased during the pandemic in all women regardless of diet type, the type of diet did not meaningfully affect pain levels. Survey study, 2023 Do girls with PMS have different brain organization than girls without? Girls with PMS showed more mixed patterns of hand and eye coordination, but we don't yet know if this causes PMS or what it means for treatment. Case report, 2023 What is menstrual psychosis? Menstrual psychosis is a rare condition causing severe psychiatric symptoms that repeat with the menstrual cycle. This case shows that psychiatry and gynecology doctors must work together to diagnose and treat it properly. Survey study, 2023 Is a new questionnaire a good tool to measure quality of life during menstruation? Yes, the Menstrual Health Outcome Questionnaire is valid and reliable. It contains 35 questions and passed multiple statistical quality tests. Survey study, 2023 Do girls with PMS have higher prostaglandin f2α hormone levels than girls without? Yes. Girls with PMS had much higher prostaglandin f2α levels (average 379.07) than girls without PMS (average 101.23), with severe PMS linked to the highest levels (average 454.31). Survey study, 2023 Does living location and life conditions affect PMS symptoms? Yes. People who migrated to new areas reported more PMS cases but with milder symptoms, compared to those who stayed in their original location. Both groups differed in jobs, education, wealth, diet, and body measurements. Study, 2023 Does the hormone LH affect whether young women get PMS? Young women with PMS had different LH hormone levels compared to those without PMS, showing a link between this hormone and PMS. LH levels also differed between mild and severe PMS. Study, 2023 How do stress and menstrual cycle phase affect memory and brain activity? Stress reduced memory performance in all cycle phases. Memory was somewhat better protected in the late follicular phase than in the early follicular and luteal phases. Non-randomised trial, 2023 Does progressive muscle relaxation reduce premenstrual syndrome in teenage girls? Yes. Jacobson's progressive muscle relaxation was effective in reducing premenstrual syndrome symptoms in teenage girls compared to no treatment. Survey study, 2023 Does a video program help teenagers learn about PMS? Yes. Teenagers who watched a video about PMS gained 16.55% more knowledge than those who did not. Survey study, 2023 Does poor sleep make PMS and period pain worse in teenage girls? Yes. Poor sleep quality, very short sleep (less than 5 hours), and late bedtimes all affected premenstrual and period symptoms, with sleep quality being the most important factor. Survey study, 2023 What factors affect whether high school students get PMS? 7.6% of students had PMS in this study. Knowledge, behavior, age at first period, and stress level all showed clear relationships with PMS. Survey study, 2023 How much do young women know about premenstrual syndrome? Most young women knew what PMS is (74%), but many lacked knowledge about its symptoms (76%) and how to manage it (59%). Study, 2023 What is the knowledge level of adolescents about premenstrual syndrome? Most female students in the school had moderate level knowledge about PMS. Survey study, 2023 Does lifestyle affect PMS symptoms in nursing students? No clear relationship was found between lifestyle and PMS in this study. Survey study, 2023 Is there a link between PMS and poor sleep in teenage girls? Yes, there is a significant relationship between PMS and sleep quality (p=0.020), with 89.2% of girls having poor sleep. Survey study, 2023 Does knowing about PMS help reduce anxiety about it in young girls? Yes, the study found that girls with better knowledge about PMS experienced less anxiety (p=0.003). However, attitudes about menstruation alone did not significantly affect anxiety levels (p=0.303). Survey study, 2023 Are exercise, stress, and mental state linked to how bad PMS symptoms are? Yes, this study found that regular exercise, mental state, and stress levels were all significantly related to how severe PMS symptoms were, though it cannot prove that one causes the other. Survey study, 2023 Is internalized misogyny linked to worse PMS and dysmenorrhea? Yes. Higher internalized misogyny was significantly linked to worse PMS and dysmenorrhea symptoms. However, we cannot tell if misogyny causes worse symptoms or if worse symptoms cause internalized misogyny. Survey study, 2023 How much do teenage girls in Nepal know about PMS and what symptoms do they experience? Most teenage girls have very poor knowledge about PMS (90.2%), and 77% experience PMS symptoms. The most common symptoms are mood swings, headaches, irritability, and acne. Survey study, 2023 What do adolescent girls know about premenstrual syndrome? Most adolescent girls had average or good knowledge about PMS. 56.5% had average knowledge and 37.1% had good knowledge. Researchers also created and validated an information booklet to help teach girls about PMS. Survey study, 2023 Does drinking caffeine make premenstrual syndrome worse? Yes, the study found a significant connection between caffeine consumption and PMS. The more caffeine women consumed, the more likely they were to experience PMS (p<0.001). Survey study, 2023 Does connective tissue manipulation help dysmenorrhea pain and other symptoms? Yes, connective tissue manipulation reduced pain and fatigue significantly. Longer treatment appeared to have longer-lasting benefits through 12 months. Survey study, 2023 Does peer group education reduce anxiety about PMS in teenage students? Yes, peer group education reduced anxiety about PMS in these teenagers. Most had no anxiety after the program (72.7%) compared to 37.7% before. Survey study, 2023 Do serotonin levels affect mood in girls with PMS? Yes. Girls with PMS who had lower serotonin levels experienced more mood changes. Serotonin affected mood only in girls with PMS, not in those without it. Study, 2023 Does education about PMS help young women understand the condition? Yes, clearly. Young women who received education and counseling about PMS showed increased knowledge about the condition. Study, 2023 Does teaching adolescents about PMS help them manage it? Yes. After a health education program, adolescent girls had better understanding of PMS symptoms and knew how to manage them. Some needed ongoing support to actually use the techniques. Survey study, 2023 What do adolescent girls in India know about menstruation and PMS? Most girls knew menstruation was natural and learned from their mothers, but over half had never heard of PMS. Girls with good knowledge about periods had less period-related anxiety. Survey study, 2023 How many adolescent girls have PMS and does it affect their school grades? About 4 in 10 adolescent girls in secondary school had mild to moderate PMS. Girls with PMS were more likely to have poor grades, but the study cannot prove PMS causes the poor performance. Survey study, 2023 How common is PMS among college-age girls in India? 86% of college girls in India had PMS. Common symptoms included depressed mood, irritability, headaches, and body pain. Survey study, 2023 How common are PMS and PMDD among college girls, and what are their symptoms? Among 318 college students in India, 44 had PMDD and 89 had PMS. Symptoms differed, with PMDD including more severe mood changes like anger, tearfulness, and anxiety than PMS. Survey study, 2023 Is PMS or PMDD more common in girls who live in dormitories? The study found no difference in PMDD between girls living in dormitories versus at home, but more girls at home experienced PMS. We cannot be sure why since this was a descriptive study without detailed comparisons. Survey study, 2023 What psychological symptoms do adolescent girls with premenstrual syndrome experience? Among 95 junior high school girls, 56.8% had PMS with mild severity. Most experienced irritability (87.4%), and large numbers experienced anxiety (72.6%) and withdrawal behavior (86.3%). Survey study, 2023 Does physical activity affect PMS in teenagers? There was a link between physical activity and PMS, but the link was weak. The study was small, so we cannot be sure how important physical activity is for PMS. Randomised trial, 2023 Does cognitive-behavioral counseling help adolescent girls with PMS build resilience? The abstract does not provide the study results, so we cannot tell if the counseling helped. Non-randomised trial, 2023 Can pop-up book education increase adolescent girls' knowledge about premenstrual syndrome? Yes. Knowledge about premenstrual syndrome significantly increased after girls received pop-up book education. Survey study, 2023 Does taking hormone contraceptives change how well women remember or think in 3D? Women taking hormone contraceptives were better at remembering objects than naturally cycling women. There was no difference in 3D spatial thinking between the groups. Survey study, 2023 Did COVID-19 infection and vaccination affect women's menstrual cycles and mental health? Yes, temporarily. 48.2% of women reported menstrual changes after COVID and 58.8% after vaccination, with more period pain and PMS. Mental health worsened with more anxiety and poor sleep. Most changes improved by 6 months. Non-randomised trial, 2023 Can module-based education increase adolescent girls' confidence in managing premenstrual syndrome? Yes. After receiving module-based education, most girls moved from poor knowledge to adequate or good knowledge about premenstrual syndrome. Survey study, 2023 Is low vitamin D linked to depression and irregular periods in women with premenstrual syndrome? Yes. Among 250 women with PMS, 61.2% had vitamin D deficiency. Those with deficiency were much more likely to have depression, with 28.8% having severe depression. The link was statistically strong (P=0.001). Survey study, 2023 Is emotional eating linked to PMS symptoms in teenagers? Yes. As PMS symptoms increased, emotional eating behaviors also increased significantly. 74% of adolescents in the study had PMS. Survey study, 2023 Does learning more about PMS help reduce anxiety in teenage girls? The review suggests that teenage girls with PMS can reduce anxiety by learning more about their symptoms and getting appropriate treatment, though this conclusion comes from reviewing existing studies rather than new research. Survey study, 2023 Are academic stress and weight connected with PMS symptoms in teenage girls? In this study of 31 ninth grade girls, both academic stress and body weight were clearly linked to PMS symptoms. Non-randomised trial, 2023 Does education help teenage girls learn to detect and manage PMS? Yes, after education and discussion, 87.5% of girls had good knowledge about early detection and management of PMS. However, the study only measured knowledge, not whether girls actually detected or managed symptoms better. Review, 2023 Does homoeopathy help PMS? The abstract does not provide research findings about homoeopathy or treatment effectiveness for PMS. Non-randomised trial, 2022 Does teaching adolescents about period symptoms improve their knowledge and attitudes? Yes, after one week of teaching, more girls had adequate knowledge about PMS and more had positive attitudes. There was no comparison group. Survey study, 2022 What diet and stress factors are linked to PMS in teenage girls? High calorie foods, herbal teas, and higher stress levels are linked to PMS and PMDD. Getting adequate sleep, eating regular meals, avoiding fast food, and managing stress may help reduce PMS symptoms. Survey study, 2022 Does muscle relaxation reduce PMS symptoms? A specific muscle relaxation technique significantly reduced PMS symptoms in the study group. However, without a control group, we cannot be certain the technique itself caused the improvement. Survey study, 2022 What factors affect premenstrual syndrome in teenage girls? Diet and physical activity were connected with having PMS, but age at first period was not. This was a very small study in one location, so results may not apply to other girls. Non-randomised trial, 2022 Is nutrition status linked to PMS, and does health education help? Girls with normal nutrition status had less PMS. The age they started their period was not linked to PMS. Health education improved their knowledge about PMS. Non-randomised trial, 2022 Does eating papaya help premenstrual tension syndrome? We cannot tell if papaya helps because the abstract does not report the actual results. The study was small and not properly randomized. Survey study, 2022 Does green tea reduce physical PMS symptoms? Women who drank 3 cups of green tea daily for 3 months reported improvement in physical symptoms like bloating and acne. However, there was no control group, so we cannot be certain green tea caused this improvement. Case report, 2022 Can PMDD cause brief psychotic episodes in young adolescents? This case describes a 15-year-old girl who experienced brief psychotic episodes every time she had premenstrual symptoms, with hallucinations and confused speech appearing 2-3 days before menstruation. Survey study, 2022 What complementary and alternative medicine do adolescents with PMS use? 73% of adolescents with PMS used complementary or alternative medicine, most commonly green tea (49.5%), chamomile (32.5%), prayer (65.5%), and exercise (54.4%). The study documents what people use but not whether these approaches work. Survey study, 2022 Is body weight linked to PMS in teenage girls? Yes. Girls with low body weight had more PMS than girls with normal weight. Improving nutrition may help reduce symptoms. Lab study, 2022 Do premenstrual women have the yeast fungus Candida in their urine? In a small study of 15 college students, 40% had Candida albicans detected in their urine before menstruation, especially among women reporting vaginal itching. This study does not show whether Candida causes premenstrual symptoms. Survey study, 2022 Do vegetarians have worse PMS than non-vegetarians? Possibly. Symptoms were slightly more severe in vegetarians (9%) compared to non-vegetarians (5%), though the study does not explain why and found no link between BMI and PMS severity. Interview study, 2022 Does a mindfulness program help improve PMDD and quality of life? A small pilot test of a six-module mindfulness program showed improvements in severe PMS (PMDD) symptoms and quality of life, but the study was too small to confirm it works widely. Non-randomised trial, 2022 Is reflexology or acupressure more helpful for period symptoms? Reflexology reduced symptoms more than acupressure in this 40-girl study. Both groups improved but there was no untreated control group. Survey study, 2022 Do stress, exercise, and diet affect PMS in teenagers? No significant link was found between stress, exercise, diet, and PMS in this study of 70 nursing students. However, the study was small and only looked at one moment in time, so we cannot be confident in this result. Survey study, 2022 Does physical activity and stress affect which type of PMS a teenager gets? Yes. Stress was linked to different types of PMS, but physical activity was not. However, the study only looked at one moment in time, so we cannot be sure stress causes different PMS types. Survey study, 2022 Does physical activity affect how severe PMS is in teenage girls? Yes. Girls with less physical activity had higher risk of PMS. This relationship was found during the COVID-19 pandemic when many girls' activity dropped due to school closures. Survey study, 2022 Do omega-3, body weight, and stress affect PMS severity? Yes. In this study, omega-3 intake, healthy weight, and lower stress were all linked to milder PMS. However, the study was small and only looked at one moment in time in one region, so we cannot confirm these factors cause the difference. Survey study, 2022 Is poor lifestyle linked to PMS in teenage girls? Yes. In this study, girls with poor lifestyle were about 4.5 times more likely to have PMS. However, the study only looked at one moment in time, so we cannot be sure poor lifestyle causes PMS. Survey study, 2022 Is prostaglandin (a body chemical) linked to PMS in teenage girls? Yes. Prostaglandin F2α levels were linked to PMS severity in this study of 50 students. However, the study was small and only looked at one moment in time, so we do not know whether measuring this chemical helps us understand or treat PMS. Survey study, 2022 How do premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disorder affect quality of life? PMS and PMDD significantly reduce quality of life. Work efficiency drops from 27.63% reduction with no/mild PMS to 94.73% with moderate/severe PMS to 100% with PMDD. Physical health and wellbeing scores also decline notably. Study, 2022 What are the characteristics of teenagers with PMS? In a group of 34 grade 12 students with PMS, most were 17 years old, had started their period between ages 13-15, had longer periods lasting 7 or more days, and changed pads 3 or more times per day. Survey study, 2022 Can peer health education help young women manage PMS? Yes. Peer education using counseling techniques reduced anxiety about PMS in high school students, with 54.5% very satisfied and 41.6% satisfied with the education. Case report, 2022 Can aripiprazole prevent menstrual psychosis? In this case, a previously healthy adolescent girl experienced psychotic symptoms that appeared before her menstrual period and resolved when her period started. The medication aripiprazole prevented these episodes, but they returned when she stopped taking it. Survey study, 2022 Does a girl's relationship with her mother affect her PMS symptoms? Yes. Girls whose mothers had lower education had more severe PMS symptoms. Girls with moderate relationships with their mothers reported more shame about menstruation. Study, 2022 What menstrual and weight issues occur in women with Fragile X syndrome? This case describes one woman with Fragile X syndrome who experienced recurring menstrual cycle disorders, genital inflammation, and weight fluctuations. She required ongoing specialized care. Non-randomised trial, 2022 Can a PMS tracking app combined with education reduce anxiety symptoms in teenage girls? Yes. Teenage girls who used a PMS tracking app and attended an educational class showed reduced anxiety symptoms from PMS compared to girls who only received counseling. Non-randomised trial, 2022 Does eating red spinach pudding reduce PMS and painful period symptoms in teenage girls? In this small Indonesian study, girls who ate red spinach pudding had a bigger drop in PMS symptom scores than girls who did not, and the difference was statistically significant, but the study was small and not randomized. Survey study, 2022 Is Facebook easy and useful for learning about PMS? Yes. Of 77 school teenagers, 63.6% found Facebook easy to use for PMS health education and 57.1% found it useful. Students who found it easier to use were more likely to find it useful. Survey study, 2022 Does the menstrual cycle affect asthma in teenage girls? Asthma symptoms can worsen around ovulation and before menstruation in teenage girls, likely due to changes in estrogen and progesterone. Standard asthma medications may not work well for this type of worsening. Interview study, 2022 Does cognitive behavioural therapy help PMDD in young people? We cannot say for certain. Almost no studies test cognitive behavioural therapy in people under 18, but one small study of 62 young people found psychoeducation improved symptoms after 3 months. Survey study, 2022 What makes teenage girls adopt behaviours to prevent PMS? Girls who believe they are at risk of PMS, believe they can prevent it, and see few barriers to prevention are more likely to adopt preventive behaviours. These factors predict about one-third of behaviour change. Survey study, 2022 Is there a link between premenstrual syndrome and fear of childbirth? Yes, women with more PMS symptoms tend to have more fear of childbirth, though the connection is weak. This finding comes from university students only, so we should be cautious about whether it applies to all women. Study, 2022 What are the symptoms, causes, and treatments of PMS and PMDD? PMS affects 20-40% of menstruating women and causes fatigue, mood changes, and bloating. PMDD is less common but more severe. Possible causes involve hormone changes and brain chemistry. Treatments include lifestyle changes and medications. Cohort study, 2022 Can the herbal supplement Agnus castus ease PMS symptoms in teenage girls? In this small study, three months of Agnus castus (20mg daily) reduced most PMS symptoms in teenage girls, working best on mood-related and fluid-retention symptoms and less well on skin and joint symptoms. Survey study, 2022 How common is PMS in university students and what helps them cope with symptoms? PMS was very common in this group. Most students coped by resting (67.6%) or sleeping (60.7%). Several menstrual and personal factors were linked to higher PMS risk, including family history, heavy periods, and starting menstruation early. Survey study, 2022 How common is premenstrual tension in adolescent girls? Most adolescent girls experience mild to moderate premenstrual tension syndrome. Family background like mother's education and father's job appear to be related to symptom levels. Survey study, 2022 How common are PMS and PMDD in Arab women and is there a link to sexual harassment? Both PMS and PMDD are very common across Egypt, Jordan and Syria. Women who experience daily sexual harassment have higher rates of both conditions (87.6% for PMS, 66.4% for PMDD) compared to those rarely harassed. Survey study, 2022 How common and severe is PMS among young women in India? In this study, around a quarter to a third of young women had PMS symptoms ranging from mild to severe, with mood and behaviour changes affected most. Survey study, 2022 How common is PMS in adolescent girls? PMS was very common in adolescent girls, with 84% experiencing symptoms. More than half had moderate or severe symptoms. Survey study, 2022 How common is premenstrual syndrome among teenage girls and how much do they know about managing it? 73% of girls aged 18-20 had PMS, mostly at moderate severity (69.86%), but 88% had only average or poor knowledge about managing it. Survey study, 2022 How common is PMS in college-age women? Very common. All 228 college students studied reported at least one PMS symptom. Over half had mild PMS, about one third had moderate symptoms, and 11% had severe symptoms. Survey study, 2022 How common is PMS among teenage girls in India and what factors are associated with it? Nearly all girls (94.8%) had at least one premenstrual symptom, and 19.3% had moderate to severe PMS. Dysmenorrhea and stress were common and associated with PMS. Survey study, 2022 What problems do young teenage girls experience during their period? Most experience body pain, leg pain, and headaches. Many also have mood changes, irritability, and stress. Some lack privacy or face restrictions. Survey study, 2022 Is stress about puberty and menstruation linked to depression and anxiety in adolescent girls? Yes. Stress related to menstruation and puberty was linked to depression, anxiety, and reproductive tract infections in adolescent girls in Tanzania. Survey study, 2022 How many women experience asthma that gets worse during menstruation? About half of women with asthma experience worsening during menstruation. More than half use painkillers for menstrual pain. Most seek help from a doctor, though many don't know how to manage symptoms or prevent them. Case report, 2022 What is cyclic menstrual psychosis in adolescents? This case describes a 14-year-old girl with psychotic symptoms including confusion, delusional ideas and physical restlessness that occurred in a repeating cycle linked to her menstruation. The symptoms went away when her period began. Survey study, 2022 How common is PMS in nursing students? Very common. 99% of nursing students experience PMS, and about 62% say it affects their daily activities before their period. Survey study, 2022 What helps prevent premenstrual syndrome in adolescent girls? Girls who exercise weekly, come from higher-income families, and have more educated mothers are more likely to adopt behaviors that prevent or reduce PMS symptoms. However, overall adoption of preventive behaviors was low in this group of high school students. Survey study, 2022 Does PMS hurt quality of life in young nursing students? Yes, students who had PMS tended to have poor quality of life, and the worse their PMS, the worse their quality of life, though this can't prove PMS directly causes the poor quality of life. Non-randomised trial, 2022 Does a young women's class reduce PMS anxiety in teenage girls? Yes. Teenage girls who attended a young women's class with stress management and yoga exercises showed a mean anxiety reduction of 5.94 compared to 0.97 in the control group. Survey study, 2022 How does obesity affect the menstrual cycle in adolescents? Adolescents with obesity are more likely to have irregular menstrual cycles, PCOS (polycystic ovary syndrome), and premenstrual disorders including PMS and PMDD. The hormonal changes in obesity help explain these connections. Interview study, 2022 Does menstruation or PMS affect women's participation in adventurous activities? Yes, 89% of women said menstruation or PMS affects their participation. Main barriers are practical challenges with hygiene and emotional concerns about missing out. Survey study, 2022 Does PMS really affect a woman's quality of life? Yes, PMS significantly lowers quality of life, particularly for young women. Emotional symptoms are most severe, and mental health is the most affected area of life. Survey study, 2022 How common are period pain and related symptoms in teenage girls in Sabah, Malaysia? Period pain is very common in this region, affecting about 85.7% of girls, with over 70% also experiencing tiredness and headaches. Results are from one region in Malaysia so may not apply elsewhere. Survey study, 2022 Does physical activity or sleep quality help reduce PMS? Better sleep quality may help reduce PMS, but physical activity did not show a clear link in this study. This very small study of 33 women cannot provide reliable answers. Survey study, 2022 Is there a link between PMS symptoms and eating problems? Yes, a weak one. Four out of five adolescents (79.6%) had PMS symptoms. Among those with PMS, about 1 in 4 (23.1%) also had eating problems. As PMS symptoms increased, eating problems increased slightly. Survey study, 2022 Are unhealthy diet and stress linked to premenstrual syndrome in teenage girls? Yes. Teenage girls who consumed more fatty foods, sweet foods, sweet drinks, salty foods, and fast food, and those with higher stress levels, all had significantly higher rates of PMS. Survey study, 2021 Does better diet knowledge and practice reduce PMS in adolescent girls? The study found a moderate positive correlation between diet practice and PMS occurrence. The abstract does not clearly explain whether better diet practices reduce symptoms or if girls with more symptoms practice more dietary approaches. Survey study, 2021 Does teaching about PMS and coping strategies increase knowledge? Yes. After a structured teaching program, 88% of adolescent girls had adequate knowledge about PMS and coping strategies, compared to only 10% before the program. Survey study, 2021 Can a menstrual cycle trigger psychiatric episodes in teenagers? A 15-year-old girl's monthly episodes of confusion and dissociation lasting 5-6 days improved when her period started, but doctors couldn't determine whether hormones, the menstrual cycle, or a psychiatric condition caused it. Study, 2021 What changes happen in the brains of people with PMS? Multiple brain areas show different activity in women with PMS compared to women without it, particularly in areas that process emotions and visual information. Survey study, 2021 Is body weight linked to PMS? Body weight showed almost no connection to PMS in this study of 100 medical students. We cannot be sure because the study is small and limited to one college. Non-randomised trial, 2021 Does teaching young women about PMS improve their knowledge? Yes. Seven young women who received PMS education significantly increased their knowledge (p=0.000). Survey study, 2021 Does what elite young female athletes eat affect their menstrual cycles? Yes. Athletes who ate enough carbohydrates did not have menstrual problems. This suggests that adequate calories and carbohydrates may help maintain regular periods. Survey study, 2021 Can a teaching program improve girls' knowledge about PMS? Yes. A one-week online teaching program clearly improved girls' knowledge about PMS. Before teaching, less than half had good knowledge. After teaching, all girls had adequate knowledge. Survey study, 2021 What factors are related to premenstrual syndrome in high school students? Stress level, nutritional status, family history, and sleep patterns were all significantly linked to PMS. Age at first menstruation was not. This was a small observational study. Survey study, 2021 What are the most common PMS symptoms in young women? Psychological symptoms were most common at 95.8%, with mood swings in 88%, acne in 85.9%, and fatigue in 65.5%. This small study of students at one university may not apply broadly. Survey study, 2021 Does regular exercise reduce the severity of premenstrual syndrome in teenage girls? Yes, there was a relationship between regular exercise and less severe PMS. Girls with regular exercise had lower rates of moderate and severe PMS than girls with irregular exercise. Survey study, 2021 Is anxiety about PMS related to how much girls know about reproductive health? Yes. There is a relationship between girls' knowledge about reproductive health and their anxiety about premenstrual syndrome. Survey study, 2021 Do adolescents with PMS have more childhood trauma and mental health problems? Yes. Adolescents with PMS had higher scores for childhood trauma and mental health symptoms than those without PMS, though the connection was weak. Study, 2021 Can online education about meditation help teenagers with premenstrual pain? Online education about meditation for premenstrual syndrome increased teenagers' knowledge and was well-received, but this study did not measure whether actual pain decreased. Review, 2021 What symptoms and health impacts do women experience from menstrual distress? Women with menstrual distress experience physical symptoms like cramping, tiredness, and breast pain, plus emotional symptoms like sadness and anxiety. These affect their ability to work, attend school, and maintain mental health. Survey study, 2021 How common are menstrual problems in adolescent girls? Very common. 73.6% of girls had painful periods, 13.5% had moderate to severe PMS, 12.5% had irregular periods, 8.4% had heavy periods, and 6.2% had PMDD. Survey study, 2021 Do immune system markers relate to hostility or depression in the premenstrual phase? Paranoid hostility was linked to higher inflammatory markers during the premenstrual phase, but depression symptoms were not linked to these markers. Non-randomised trial, 2021 Does health education increase teenagers' knowledge about PMS? Yes. Teenagers who received health education showed an increase in PMS knowledge. We do not know whether their behaviors or symptoms changed. Study, 2021 Can education help teenage girls manage mood changes during their period? Researchers provided education about PMS to teenage girls to help them understand and manage mood changes, but the study does not report whether it actually improved their symptoms. Survey study, 2021 Are carotenoids linked to less severe premenstrual symptoms? Only one carotenoid showed a link. Higher beta-cryptoxanthin was linked to more appetite as a symptom, not less. No other carotenoids were linked to any symptoms. Survey study, 2021 How common are PMS and PMDD in young Turkish women? PMS affects 26.1% to 61.1% and PMDD affects 10.0% to 20.4% depending on diagnostic criteria used. Anger and irritability are the most common PMDD symptoms at 97.4%. Survey study, 2021 How common is PMS in teenage girls, and what raises the risk? Around 1 in 3 adolescent girls in this Indian study had PMS, and risk was higher with older age, certain education levels, educated or working mothers, and irregular periods. Survey study, 2021 What menstrual symptoms do teenage girls experience and what do they know about managing them? Girls experienced various menstrual symptoms including pain and irregular periods. They had some knowledge about symptoms but lacked adequate information on how to manage them. Survey study, 2021 Do adverse childhood experiences increase the risk of PMS? Yes, women who experienced more adverse things in childhood had significantly higher PMS symptoms. The evidence is fairly clear, but the study only included young university women and cannot prove childhood experiences cause PMS. Survey study, 2021 Do premenstrual symptoms affect sexual desire? Sexual desire is linked to some premenstrual symptoms, particularly back pain, painful periods, and mood changes. Sexual desire was not clearly linked to other symptoms like headaches or breast tenderness. Survey study, 2021 Are stress, eating habits and exercise linked to PMS, and does knowledge matter? Stress, eating patterns, and exercise patterns were all linked to PMS, but how much a girl knew about PMS was not linked to whether she had it. Lab study, 2021 Does beetroot flour in snack bars help relieve PMS symptoms? The snack bars with beetroot flour contain magnesium, which may help with PMS symptoms. However, this was a lab study that only tested the bars' nutrients, not whether they help people with PMS. Survey study, 2021 Do girls with PMS have different estrogen levels than those without? Girls with PMS had higher estrogen levels than those without. Girls with severe PMS had the highest levels. This is a one-time measurement, so we cannot tell if high estrogen causes PMS. Survey study, 2021 Do PMS and PMDD affect attention and short-term memory in teenage girls? Yes, somewhat. Teenage girls with PMS/PMDD did worse on a test of attention and interference control than girls without it, and their performance dropped further in the luteal (premenstrual) phase. Survey study, 2021 Does dancing or running reduce premenstrual symptoms? Dancing (Argentine tango) modestly reduced the duration of premenstrual symptoms, but running did not show the same benefit. Neither activity eliminated symptoms completely. Survey study, 2021 How common are period problems like painful periods and PMS in teenage girls? Period problems were very common in this group of teenage girls. Painful periods affected more than two thirds of them, and nearly half had premenstrual syndrome (PMS). Survey study, 2021 Does learning about PMS help adolescents manage it better? Yes. Adolescents with more knowledge about PMS were more likely to handle PMS symptoms better. Survey study, 2021 What are the research trends in PMS and PMDD studies from 1945 to 2018? Research on PMS and PMDD has grown over time. Recent research increasingly focuses on prevalence in young women and how anxiety and depression relate to menstrual cycle phases. Survey study, 2020 What do adolescent girls know and do about premenstrual syndrome? Most had average knowledge and good practices. Most learned about PMS from family rather than health professionals. Survey study, 2020 Does an information booklet improve girls' knowledge about PMS? The abstract does not present results on whether the booklet improved knowledge. It shows that girls' baseline knowledge did not vary by age, religion, mother's education, or other demographic factors. Study, 2020 Can teaching about lifestyle changes help adolescents understand how to prevent PMS? The abstract describes the study design but does not report whether the teaching program actually changed knowledge or attitudes about PMS prevention. Case report, 2020 Does abdominal stretching reduce PMS symptoms in teenagers? Ten teenagers with PMS who received abdominal stretching showed improvement in their symptoms across two menstrual cycles, with severity decreasing from severe to mild. However, this was a small group with no control group. Survey study, 2020 What attitudes do teenage girls have about premenstrual syndrome, and what affects them? Most girls had positive attitudes about PMS (50.3%) and good knowledge about it (74.2%). Knowledge, physical activity, anxiety levels, and health education all related to how they felt about managing PMS. Survey study, 2020 Is there a link between how much adolescents know about reproduction and their attitudes toward PMS? Yes, a clear relationship was found between reproductive knowledge and attitudes toward PMS. Girls with more education about reproduction had different views on PMS than those who knew less. Survey study, 2020 Can teaching about yoga techniques improve girls' knowledge about managing PMS? Yes. After the teaching program, girls' knowledge about using yoga for PMS increased significantly, with post-test scores more than double the pre-test scores. Survey study, 2020 Do past trauma and emotions predict PMS severity? Yes. How women cope emotionally, particularly catastrophizing (assuming the worst), predicted about one-third of PMS severity. Past trauma involving life threat also predicted about one-third of PMS severity. Survey study, 2020 Is a variation in the BDNF gene associated with premenstrual syndrome? No significant association was found between BDNF gene variations and PMS in young girls, so this gene may not play a role in PMS. Review, 2020 Do hormonal contraceptives cause depression? The link between hormonal contraceptives and depression is still debated. Women with a history of mood disorders or PMDD are at higher risk of mood effects, and adolescence appears to be a critical vulnerable period. Survey study, 2020 Does diet affect PMS symptoms in teenage girls? Girls who ate more carbohydrates had fewer PMS symptoms. Body fat percentage was not linked to PMS symptoms. The study was observational, so higher carbohydrate intake may not directly cause fewer PMS symptoms. Survey study, 2020 How common is PMS among teenage girls in Nepal, and what do they know about it? Most teenage girls in Nepal do not know much about PMS. About 6 out of 10 experience PMS, with about 7 out of 10 reporting fatigue before their period. Study, 2020 How should healthcare providers manage menstrual problems in girls with disabilities? Providers should take detailed histories from both the patient and caregivers to understand how menstrual symptoms affect quality of life. Treatment goals should focus on reducing menstrual flow, reducing period pain, and managing cyclical symptoms based on each girl's needs. Review, 2020 Can not eating enough or overexercising stop your period? Yes. Between 16% and 47% of lean female athletes have disordered eating. Low energy, excessive exercise, and stress can stop periods, but periods usually return when these causes are addressed. Survey study, 2020 Does the brain's reward processing work differently in women with PMS? Women with PMS showed weaker activity in brain areas that process rewards (the caudate and orbitofrontal cortex) when they experienced gains compared to losses. This suggests their brains may process positive emotions differently, though this small study cannot prove this causes PMS. Survey study, 2020 Do sleep and emotion regulation explain why depression is linked to worse premenstrual symptoms? Yes, both poor sleep and difficulty regulating emotions partly explain why women with depression also experience more severe premenstrual symptoms. These factors appear to mediate the connection between mood problems and menstrual cycle symptoms. Study, 2020 Does gentle yoga help reduce premenstrual syndrome symptoms? In a month-long trial, adolescent girls reported that gentle yoga somewhat reduced pain, though the benefit was limited because the yoga was only done once during the organized intervention. Survey study, 2020 Do girls with type 1 diabetes experience different PMS than other girls? No clear difference. Most girls with type 1 diabetes (71.4%) experience no to mild PMS symptoms, regardless of how well their diabetes is controlled. Randomised trial, 2020 Can learning coping strategies reduce anxiety in girls with PMS? In this small study, a 10-session coping skills training program lowered anxiety scores in girls with PMS more than in a comparison group, but the study was small so this is not strong proof. Non-randomised trial, 2020 Do aerobic exercise and Vitex extract reduce PMS symptoms in teenage girls? Yes. Both 8 weeks of aerobic exercise and Vitex extract significantly reduced psychological and physical PMS symptoms compared to control group, with the combination being most effective. Survey study, 2020 What factors are linked to PMS in young women? Stress, diet, and exercise were linked to PMS. Age of first period and body weight were not linked in this village study. Case-control study, 2020 Is stress level related to how severe PMS symptoms are? Yes. There is a clear positive relationship between stress level and PMS severity: the higher the stress, the more severe the PMS symptoms. Survey study, 2020 Can teaching about PMS management improve girls' knowledge? Yes. Before teaching, all girls had below-average knowledge about managing PMS. After the teaching program, most girls had average or good knowledge. Survey study, 2020 Does the menstrual cycle affect suicide risk in teenage girls? Evidence suggests the menstrual cycle may play a role in when teenage girls are at highest risk for suicidal thoughts or behavior. This is an emerging area of research with no definitive answers yet. Survey study, 2019 Can teaching about lifestyle changes help girls understand how to prevent PMS? Yes. Before teaching, 78% of girls had poor knowledge about PMS prevention. After the teaching program, 38% had good knowledge and 60% had average knowledge. Survey study, 2019 Are teen girls with depression or PMS/PMDD more likely to act aggressively? Yes. Girls with a depressive mood or a PMS/PMDD diagnosis showed more aggression than other girls, but this snapshot-style study cannot prove that depression or PMS/PMDD causes the aggression. Survey study, 2019 Does allopregnanolone, a hormone made from progesterone, affect premenstrual mood? Growing evidence suggests allopregnanolone may influence mood during the premenstrual phase and other reproductive times, but exactly how it works is not yet clear. Randomised trial, 2019 Does taking chromium help with mood symptoms linked to the menstrual cycle? In this very small early study, chromium supplementation was linked to reduced mood symptoms in most of the women taking part, but with only a handful of participants this cannot be seen as strong proof. Non-randomised trial, 2019 Does an education program help nursing students with PMS improve knowledge and reduce symptoms? Yes. The education program clearly increased knowledge and reduced PMS symptoms. Students also lost weight, dropping from an average of 77.4 kg to 68.89 kg. Survey study, 2019 What factors affect PMS severity in teenage girls? Sleep patterns, stress, attitudes about menstruation, and limiting exposure to chemicals all affected PMS severity. Together these factors explained 37% of the differences in PMS severity. Study, 2019 Does 8 weeks of aerobic exercise reduce PMS symptoms? Yes, aerobic exercise for 8 weeks reduced both psychological and physical PMS symptoms with a clear difference between before and after. Survey study, 2019 What helps improve quality of life for teenagers with menstrual problems? Exercise, TENS therapy, medication, and counseling all help. Family support and age also matter. Multiple approaches work, not just medication. Review, 2019 What do we know about PMS and heavy periods in teenage girls, and can diet help? This is a review article that summarizes what we know about PMS and heavy periods in teenagers. It includes discussion of diet therapy but does not report new research findings. Interview study, 2019 How does PMDD affect adolescents' lives? PMDD causes discomfort and interferes with social relationships in teenagers. Symptoms cycle with the menstrual cycle and are triggered by environmental and hormonal factors. This very small qualitative study (6 students) cannot be generalized. Survey study, 2019 Who is most likely to have PMS among school students? Most school students (81.3%) reported PMS. Older age and heavy non-academic duties increased the likelihood, while longer menstrual cycles decreased it. Survey study, 2019 How common is premenstrual syndrome in women of reproductive age? Very common. This study of 133 female nursing students found all had mild to moderate PMS symptoms, with a mean score of 99.62. However, results may not apply to all women since participants were only nursing students. Survey study, 2019 How common are PMS and PMDD in college girls? About 14.3% of college girls in this study had moderate to severe PMS and 3.7% had PMDD. We cannot be very confident these figures apply elsewhere because this is a cross-sectional survey from one city. Study, 2019 Can diet help prevent or reduce PMS symptoms? Diet appears to play a role in PMS. Getting enough vitamins, minerals, and carbohydrates may help reduce symptoms, while skipping meals and eating junk food may make symptoms worse. Survey study, 2019 Does regular physical activity or high soy intake reduce PMS symptoms? Most students had light physical activity and mild PMS symptoms, but the study does not clearly show whether physical activity or soy intake reduced symptoms. The authors note that the relationship remains unclear. Cohort study, 2019 Is there a link between menstrual symptoms and anxiety, depression, and stress in teenage girls? Yes. There was a strong correlation between menstrual distress and depression, anxiety, and stress, with distress significantly higher before, during, and after menstruation (p=0.000). Case-control study, 2019 Are zinc and copper levels linked to PMS in teenage girls? The study found that girls with both irritable bowel syndrome and period pain had lower dietary zinc intake, but did not find a clear link between minerals and PMS alone. Survey study, 2019 Does the age when a girl starts her period relate to PMS and body measurements? Yes. Age at menarche was linked to weight, height, and PMS severity. This suggests physical health and nutrition may influence PMS. Study, 2019 Does a specific hormonal birth control help PMS in teenage girls? Yes, teenage girls taking this hormone combination had significantly fewer PMS symptoms after 6 months. Pain before and during menstruation significantly decreased. Survey study, 2018 How common is PMS in teenage girls? PMS is very common in adolescent girls. Around 70% experience abdominal bloating and breast tenderness, 38% experience mild anxiety, and over 22% experience severe mood swings. Non-randomised trial, 2018 Does teaching adolescent girls about PMS improve their knowledge? Yes. After teaching, 64% had excellent knowledge and 36% had good knowledge, compared to 0% before. However, without a control group, we cannot confirm the teaching caused this improvement. Interview study, 2018 How do adolescents perceive PMDD symptoms? Adolescents had two different views of PMDD. Some saw it as a natural part of being female, while others saw it as a disease. The study included only 6 girls, so findings may not apply to all teenagers. Survey study, 2018 Do physical activity and soy consumption help reduce PMS symptoms in teenage girls? Yes, the study found significant associations between higher soy consumption and regular physical activity with lower PMS symptoms. Because this is a cross-sectional study, we cannot be certain that activity and soy cause the improvement. Survey study, 2018 How does intense karate training affect the menstrual cycle in young female athletes? Most young karate athletes had menstrual disruptions like PMS or painful periods, likely caused by intense training. Survey study, 2018 Does stress and thinking ability change during different phases of the menstrual cycle? Stress was higher in the premenstrual phase and thinking ability was lower in the premenstrual phase compared to the proliferative phase, but these differences were not statistically significant and may have happened by chance. Survey study, 2018 What factors are linked to PMS in teenage girls? Girls who were overweight and girls with stress symptoms showed associations with more severe PMS, though these connections were not statistically clear. Non-randomised trial, 2018 Does eating food with isoflavones reduce premenstrual syndrome? In this small study, eating food with 68mg of isoflavones per day reduced PMS complaints. However, there was no control group, so we cannot be sure the food alone caused the improvement. Non-randomised trial, 2018 Does counseling reduce PMS in teenage girls? Counseling and natural techniques reduced PMS complaints in teenage girls. However, the evidence is weak because the study was very small and had no control group. Non-randomised trial, 2018 Does guided imagery relaxation reduce menstrual pain? Yes. Girls using guided imagery had pain scores of 2.6 compared to 4.6 in controls. This is from a small study, so the evidence is promising but not yet strong. Review, 2018 How does PMS affect the physical and mental health of teenage girls? This review article examines how PMS affects adolescent health but does not provide specific findings or data in the abstract. Survey study, 2018 What lifestyle and body factors are linked to PMS? Eating fried foods, sweet drinks, and fast food are linked to more PMS, while eating fruit and regular exercise are linked to less. Family history of PMS and larger hip measurements are also linked to more PMS. Survey study, 2018 How does PMS affect self-esteem in girls? Girls with PMS showed lower self-esteem compared to expected levels. The link may be because PMS mood changes lead girls to feel worse about themselves. Survey study, 2018 Do autistic women experience menstruation differently from non-autistic women? Yes. Autistic women reported that menstruation made autistic challenges worse, especially sensory sensitivity and difficulty controlling emotions and behavior. This seriously affected their lives. Case-control study, 2018 Does a rare neurological disease affect menstrual patterns? Women with NMOSD do not have different menstrual patterns than healthy women before the disease develops. After NMOSD starts, menstrual irregularities increase significantly. Non-randomised trial, 2018 Does teaching teenagers about PMS with booklets or leaflets increase their knowledge? Yes, both methods significantly increased knowledge (p=0.001 for each), with booklet education more effective than leaflets (p=0.002). Case report, 2018 Do oral contraceptives help psychotic symptoms that start before menstruation? In one adolescent with psychosis starting just before her period, symptoms improved after her period ended and after she started taking oral contraceptives and olanzapine. We can't know from this single case whether the contraceptives, the medication, or the natural end of menstruation helped most. Survey study, 2018 Is a girl's temperament linked to how much premenstrual symptoms bother her? Girls with irritable, mood-varying, or sad-leaning personality types had more premenstrual symptoms. This suggests that personality type may influence how much premenstrual symptoms affect a girl. Survey study, 2018 How common is PMS in young women and how much does it affect their lives? PMS affected 47 percent of young medical students and significantly disrupted their academic performance, daily activities, and sleep. Breast tenderness and irritability were the most common symptoms. Survey study, 2018 How common are painful periods and PMS in teenage and young adult girls? Both painful periods (92%) and PMS (86.3%) were very common and strongly linked. These numbers come from a large population-based study of girls in one Egyptian city. Survey study, 2018 How common are PMS and PMDD among medical students and do they affect school and social life? PMS was common (65%) and PMDD less common (12%), and while most attended classes, about a third avoided social activities. This finding is from one medical college in India. Study, 2018 Is diet related to premenstrual syndrome in teenage girls? Yes. In teenage girls, diet showed a connection to PMS. Sodium, carbohydrates, niacin, and vitamin D intake correlated with having PMS. Study, 2018 Do depressed adolescents respond differently to angry faces than non-depressed adolescents? Yes. Depressed adolescents found it harder to ignore angry faces compared to non-depressed adolescents. Happy faces did not create this difference in either group. Interview study, 2018 What are young women's experiences and feelings about menstruation? Eight Iranian university students described menstruation as shameful, secret, and often painful. Many felt frightened and unprepared when menstruation started because they did not receive enough information from family or school. Interview study, 2017 How common and severe are premenstrual symptoms in young medical and nursing students? Premenstrual symptoms were extremely common, affecting 97.10% of students, and 76.83% met the criteria for PMS, but for most of them the symptoms were mild. Survey study, 2017 What do adolescent girls know about how PMS affects emotions and mood? Many adolescent girls had limited knowledge about how PMS affects emotions. An informational booklet significantly improved their knowledge about PMS and its psychological effects. Survey study, 2017 How many adolescent girls have PMS and how severe is it? Most adolescent girls have some PMS: more than half (55%) have moderate symptoms and 19% have severe symptoms. Survey study, 2017 Is weight linked to PMS in adolescent girls? Yes, girls with healthier weight had lower PMS rates (64%) compared to overweight girls (94.1%), underweight girls (81.4%), or obese girls (91.7%). But this only shows a link, not that weight causes PMS. Survey study, 2017 What is the impact of having both bipolar disorder and premenstrual dysphoric disorder? Women with both conditions experience significantly worse bipolar illness: earlier onset, more rapid cycling, more mood episodes, and higher rates of anxiety disorders and other conditions. They also experience more severe symptoms during pregnancy and while taking oral contraceptives. Survey study, 2017 Do your menstrual hormones affect how much you drink? Yes. When estradiol was high and progesterone was low, around the time you ovulate, women drank more and binged more, but only on weekends. Survey study, 2017 How common is migraine in women with PMS? About 1 in 7 medical students with PMS also had migraines. Most migraines occurred without visual symptoms and happened about 4 times per month. Results may not apply to all women since this studied only medical students. Survey study, 2017 Do PMS symptoms form distinct patterns related to lifestyle factors? PMS occurs in four distinct patterns: Emotional, Psychological/Cognitive, Physical, and Consumption. Body weight and physical activity were associated with some of these patterns. Survey study, 2017 How common is PMS in adolescents with psychiatric problems and does it affect their quality of life? PMS was present in nearly 4 out of 5 adolescents in a psychiatric clinic and significantly lowered their quality of life. The more severe their PMS, the worse their quality of life became. Survey study, 2017 How common is premenstrual syndrome in teenage girls and what methods do they use to cope? More than half of teenage girls had at least mild PMS symptoms, and most did not use any coping strategy. The study was only one month in one school in Ethiopia, so findings may differ elsewhere. Survey study, 2017 Does your menstrual phase affect how well you remember things after sleep? Women remembered faces and names better than men before a nap. After the nap, women forgot more during their period week than during other times of their cycle. Review, 2017 How does the menstrual cycle affect mood and development, especially in adolescents? Menstrual cycle-related symptoms may trigger developmental challenges that worsen mood symptoms in adolescent girls and have long-term effects. Individual responses to hormones vary greatly, so each woman's experience differs. Study, 2017 Can gynecologists help find and treat depression in women? Yes. Since gynecologists see women during times when depression risk is highest, they can screen for depression and help with treatment. Survey study, 2017 Is premenstrual syndrome linked to anxiety, digestive problems, and food choices? Women with PMS were more likely to have anxiety and digestive problems like IBS and constipation, and to eat more meat and fast food but less carbohydrates. However, this study only shows associations, so we cannot know whether these factors cause PMS or result from it. Survey study, 2017 Is PMS linked to personality temperament types? No clear link was found between PMS and different temperament types in this study. Although some temperament types seemed to have more PMS, the overall pattern was not significant. Survey study, 2016 Is physical activity linked to whether you have PMS? Yes, the study found a relationship between physical activity and PMS symptoms. However, this was a small study at one school, so results may not be certain or apply elsewhere. Cohort study, 2016 Do women with PMS have higher blood pressure than other women? Women with PMS had slightly higher diastolic blood pressure than women without PMS, but their systolic (top number) blood pressure was not different. This is based on one study, so it is not certain yet. Case-control study, 2016 Is low zinc or low antioxidant levels connected to PMS? Yes. Women with PMS had lower zinc and antioxidant levels in their blood than healthy women, and these levels were linked to how severe their symptoms were. Study, 2016 Does balance or stability change across the menstrual cycle in active women? Balance that involves moving (dynamic stability) was worse during the middle of the luteal phase and best during the period itself. Anxiety, spinal posture, and balance while standing still did not change across the cycle. Survey study, 2016 How common are menstrual problems and PMS among teenage girls in rural areas? More than 6 in 10 girls had PMS symptoms, with abdominal pain, cramping and back pain being most common. Dysmenorrhoea was the most common menstrual problem overall. Survey study, 2016 How common is PMS among working women in Bangkok and how much does it affect their lives? About 11.4% of working women in Bangkok have moderate to severe PMS. Younger women are more likely to experience PMS than older women. Interview study, 2016 How common are PMS and PMDD among college students in India? PMS was found in 18.4% of college students and PMDD in 3.7%. A simple screening questionnaire was 90.9% effective at identifying women with PMS. Survey study, 2016 Can noofen help with painful periods and anxiety symptoms? Girls with painful periods and anxiety symptoms who took noofen showed improvement in their symptoms over 30 days. The study found noofen was effective for treating these problems. Survey study, 2016 Does PMS increase the risk of stress fractures in teenage athletes? Among teenage athletes, 8.9% had moderate-to-severe PMS. Those with strong physical premenstrual symptoms had 1.66 times higher risk of stress fractures, suggesting PMS symptoms may increase injury risk. Survey study, 2016 Does how you feel about your body change across the menstrual cycle? Yes, teenage girls in this study felt worse about their bodies in the days before their period compared with other times in the cycle, even after accounting for their weight. Non-randomised trial, 2016 Does cinnamon reduce physical PMS symptoms? Yes. Students taking cinnamon regularly reported significantly less severe physical symptoms, and most were satisfied with the results. Survey study, 2016 What menstrual health problems do young women with Angelman syndrome experience? Menstrual and premenstrual symptoms were common but infrequently caused problems at home or school. Girls with AS had significant challenges with menstrual hygiene and needed full assistance managing it. Cohort study, 2016 How do menstrual symptoms affect mood in teenage girls? Physical and psychological symptoms are strongly linked in adolescent girls. The link partly works because physical symptoms make girls avoid daily activities, which worsens depressed mood and thinking problems. Case-control study, 2016 Is low vitamin D related to PMS? No. Although vitamin D deficiency was common in both groups of young Iranian women, there was no difference in vitamin D levels between those with PMS and those without. Survey study, 2015 How common is PMS in teenage school girls in an urban city in India? 54% of the teenage girls reported PMS symptoms, with irritability being the most common symptom (88.1%). Because this is a survey, it reflects what girls reported rather than clinical diagnosis. Survey study, 2015 Are eating attitudes different in adolescents with PMS? Yes. Both what adolescents eat and their attitudes toward eating differ in those with PMS compared to those without. Most adolescents with PMS experienced multiple symptoms including fatigue (93.5%), irritability (91.6%), and depressive feelings (88.8%). Survey study, 2015 Are menstrual problems linked to mental health issues? Yes. Girls with menstrual problems were clearly more likely to have stress and anxiety. Survey study, 2015 Is borderline personality disorder more common in women with PMS? Yes, women with PMS had significantly more borderline personality disorder traits than those without PMS (p=0.001), and this relationship was stronger with more severe PMS. Survey study, 2015 Is a CLOCK gene variant linked to irregular periods? Yes, girls with the 3111T > C variant in the CLOCK gene had a clear increased risk of irregular menstrual cycles. This association held even after accounting for stress, anxiety, depression, and BMI. Survey study, 2015 What are the most common PMS symptoms in adolescent girls? Among 54 adolescent girls with PMS, mood changes and acne were the most common symptoms. All 54 girls reported psychological symptoms like mood swings. Survey study, 2015 Does having more knowledge about PMS affect whether women get PMS symptoms? No. The study found no significant relationship between knowledge level about PMS and whether women actually experienced symptoms. Case report, 2015 How is PMDD diagnosed and treated differently in teenagers compared to adults? A 16-year-old girl with PMDD shows that diagnosis and treatment may need to be different for adolescents than for adults. This case raises important questions but is based on a single teenager, so we cannot yet say what the best approach is. Survey study, 2015 How common is PMS among teenage girls in rural India? Very common: about 6 in 10 girls in this rural school reported PMS, with irritability, anxiety and anger as the most frequent symptoms. Survey study, 2015 Do PMS symptoms vary by age and marital status? Yes. Women in their 20s had noticeably worse PMS symptoms than teenagers, with women in their 30s having similar severity. Survey study, 2015 Is physical fitness related to premenstrual symptoms? Higher cardiorespiratory fitness was strongly linked to lower PMS symptoms, while higher body weight was linked to higher symptoms. Fitness was the strongest predictor of both physical and psychological PMS symptoms. Survey study, 2015 What is the frequency and severity of PMS in college girls aged 18-25? The study found that 55% of college girls had PMS, with 48% experiencing mild symptoms, 27% moderate, and 25% severe. Confidence is limited because this was done at one college in India. Survey study, 2014 What factors cause PMS in teenage girls? Daily hassles had the biggest effect on PMS in teenage girls. Other factors included age at first period, body weight, menstrual flow amount, test anxiety, social support, attitudes about menstruation, and femininity, but not school stress. Survey study, 2014 How much do teenage nursing students know about PMS? Most of the teenage students studied did not know enough about premenstrual syndrome, with insufficient knowledge being the most common result. Survey study, 2014 Are immune system markers in the blood linked to PMS severity? Yes, several immune markers (IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, IL-12, and interferon-gamma) were higher in women with PMS and correlated with symptom severity. Survey study, 2014 Does how much girls exercise affect their PMS symptoms? Yes, there was a clear difference in PMS symptoms between girls with different activity levels. Girls with health-enhancing physical activity had higher symptom scores than the overall average. Survey study, 2014 How common are period pain and PMS in rural Indian school girls, and how much do they affect daily life? More than half of the girls reported period pain (60.19%) and PMS (52.30%). These conditions significantly interfered with school attendance, concentration, exercise, household tasks, and social activities. Survey study, 2014 How common is PMS in adolescent girls, and does education about PMS help reduce symptoms? PMS affected 40.9% of urban girls and 51.6% of rural girls. Three months after an educational program, girls reported significant decreases in all PMS symptoms compared to before the program. Study, 2014 Does combining medication and therapy help PMDD? In one teenage girl with PMDD and anxiety, combining medication and therapy led to a good outcome. Combined treatment appeared to work better than either one alone. Interview study, 2014 Does acne get worse around women's periods? About two-thirds of adult women with acne reported that their acne gets worse around their period, with more than half saying it worsens in the week before their period starts. Survey study, 2014 Do premenstrual symptoms relate to school stress? Girls reported more symptoms at one point in their cycle, and school deadlines were linked to more symptoms during that time, suggesting stress and symptoms may be connected. Cohort study, 2014 Do lifestyle and nutrition affect menstrual symptoms? Yes. Women with menstrual symptoms had different eating patterns and lifestyle factors than those without symptoms. Strong links were found between diet and the type of menstrual pattern. Study, 2014 Does brain activity at rest change during different phases of the menstrual cycle? No. Women's resting brain activity did not change across menstrual cycle phases in this study. Brain differences between men and women appear to be permanent structural differences rather than changes caused by hormone fluctuations. Survey study, 2014 Is there a link between diet and premenstrual syndrome? Yes. Women with PMS ate less dairy products. Eating more milk and dairy was linked to less pain and fewer overall symptoms. Review, 2014 Why do some women get mood problems during their menstrual cycle and after having a baby? According to laboratory research, women's brains change how they regulate a calming brain chemical during hormonal changes. When the brain cannot adapt properly, mood disorders like PMS, PMDD, and postpartum depression may develop. Cohort study, 2013 Are brain abnormalities in PMDD related to how severe the condition is? Yes, women with PMDD show abnormal activation in a thinking and emotion brain region, and the degree of abnormality correlated with how severe their symptoms and disability were. Survey study, 2013 Does anemia make PMS symptoms worse? Yes. Girls with anemia had more severe PMS symptoms than girls without anemia. When anemic girls received iron supplements for 2 months, their symptoms improved significantly. Cohort study, 2013 Does menstrual cycle length affect muscle strength and mood in young female dancers? Yes. Female dancers with shorter menstrual cycles (under 28 days) had stronger muscles but significantly worse mood and tiredness compared to those with longer cycles (over 28 days). Case report, 2013 Can severe mood changes around a period be an early sign of bipolar disorder? In one teenage girl, a psychotic episode tied to her period turned out to be the first sign of bipolar disorder. This is a single case, so it cannot tell us how common this is. Survey study, 2013 How common are premenstrual disorders in adolescent girls? About 99.5% of adolescent girls reported at least one premenstrual symptom, and 59% met the criteria for PMDD. This is based on a survey in Iran. Randomised trial, 2013 What treatments work for PMS and PMDD in teenagers? At least 20% of teenagers experience moderate-to-severe premenstrual symptoms. Education, calcium, exercise, and stress reduction help mild cases, but severe PMS and PMDD usually need medication like SSRIs or hormonal contraceptives. Research on teenagers is limited. Survey study, 2013 Is there a link between PMS/PMDD symptoms and trauma from natural disasters? Yes, nine months after a major earthquake, girls with PTSD showed significantly higher rates and severity of PMS and PMDD symptoms. Symptom severity increased with PTSD severity. Randomised trial, 2013 Are low calcium and other minerals related to PMS symptoms? Yes, very low calcium is extremely common in women with PMS, and weak associations were found between low sodium or magnesium and some PMS symptoms like anxiety and depression. However, this study only shows association, not proof of causation. Non-randomised trial, 2013 Does torbangun leaf supplement reduce PMS pain? Yes, teenage girls taking torbangun leaves had significantly less pain compared to those taking a commercial preparation or placebo (p less than 0.05). Non-randomised trial, 2013 Does 8 weeks of aerobic exercise reduce PMS symptoms? Yes, 8 weeks of aerobic exercise three times weekly significantly reduced PMS symptoms and both physical and psychological symptoms compared to a control group (p≤0.001). Cohort study, 2012 Do depression increases in early adolescence predict menstrual cycle mood problems later? Girls whose depression increased in early adolescence showed menstrual cycle mood changes in adulthood, suggesting hormonal factors link early teen depression to later cycle symptoms. The study was small. Survey study, 2012 Do premenstrual disorders lower teenage girls' quality of life? Yes. In this Iranian study, teenage girls who met the criteria for PMDD had worse quality of life than those who did not, across almost every area measured. Case report, 2012 Do antipsychotic medications help psychosis that only happens around menstruation? In this case, a 30-year-old woman had psychotic symptoms around her menstrual cycle. Despite trying three different antipsychotic medications at different doses over 10 years, her symptoms kept coming back on a menstrual cycle pattern. The medications did not prevent these episodes. Review, 2012 Why do girls get more migraines after puberty? Hormonal changes during puberty cause migraines to increase, especially in girls, leading to menstrual-related migraines. Survey study, 2012 Does vitamin D affect PMS symptoms? No clear link was found between vitamin D level and PMS symptoms. However, women who ate high amounts of dairy had significantly fewer headaches and social withdrawal. Survey study, 2012 What menstrual and premenstrual symptoms do girls with Rett syndrome experience and how are they treated? Girls with Rett syndrome commonly experience painful periods and PMS symptoms similar to other women, plus some autism-specific symptoms. Hormonal contraception, especially birth control pills, is commonly used to manage them. Study, 2011 How do women with autism experience menstruation and its symptoms? Women with autism (ages 10-25) commonly experience severe menstrual pain and PMS, but these conditions are often undertreated. Survey study, 2011 Are girls in Egypt exposed to chemicals from plastic food storage? Girls in Egypt, especially in cities, had chemical exposures similar to girls in the US. The study suggests this is likely from food stored in plastic containers. Survey study, 2011 How common are PMS symptoms in teenage girls, and do they get help for them? Most teenage girls in this study had mood and physical symptoms before their period that affected school and social life, but very few ever saw a doctor about it. Study, 2011 Does taking vitex help reduce PMS symptoms in teenage girls? Yes. In this study, 44.4% of the girls had no PMS complaints at all after 3 months of treatment, and another 28.8% had a reduction of all their PMS symptoms. Cohort study, 2011 How common are PMS and PMDD in teenage girls, and what causes them? PMS is very common, affecting 76% of teenage girls in this study. PMDD affected 4%. Living in a large city increased risk, but being sexually active, physically active, or differences in socioeconomic status made no difference. Interview study, 2011 How do teenage girls in Malaysia learn about and manage periods and PMS? Many girls are not prepared for periods when they arrive, and both urban and rural girls manage PMS and period pain on their own without seeing a doctor. Survey study, 2011 Do menstrual symptoms make IBS worse in young Taiwanese women? Yes, in this study. Digestive symptoms got worse during menstruation in young women with IBS, though this was only measured in one school in Taiwan. Survey study, 2011 How common is severe PMS or PMDD in teenage girls, and what does it look like? Almost 3 in 10 girls screened positive for severe PMS or PMDD, with irritability being the most common symptom, and the pattern looked similar to what is seen in adult women. Survey study, 2010 Do girls with intellectual disability get different PMS symptoms? Girls with intellectual disability and those without had similar PMS symptoms, but girls with intellectual disability had more variation in when they started menstruating. This is a very small study of only 31 pairs, so we cannot be sure these findings apply more widely. Case-control study, 2010 Does vitamin D intake reduce the risk of PMS? Higher vitamin D intake from food may be linked to lower PMS risk, though the evidence is weak and larger studies are needed to confirm. Survey study, 2010 How common is period pain in adolescent Asian girls and what does it affect? Three-quarters of adolescent girls in Malaysia had period pain. It affected their concentration in class for over half, limited their social activities for half, caused about one in five to miss school, and caused poor school performance in one in eight. Study, 2010 What gynecologic problems do girls with Down syndrome, autism, and cerebral palsy experience? Girls with these developmental disabilities commonly have irregular periods and mood or behavioral changes when they start menstruating. Girls with autism are especially likely to develop behavioral problems related to their periods. Survey study, 2010 How does menstruation affect teenage girls with cerebral palsy and their families? Period problems are just as common in girls with cerebral palsy as in other girls. Most girls are happy with how periods affect their social life, but parents of girls with more severe cerebral palsy are more anxious and more likely to seek advice. Interview study, 2009 How do women's thoughts about themselves and their relationships change with menstrual cycle symptoms? Women with high PMS symptoms had difficulty accepting imperfection in themselves and others, felt alone and overwhelmed, and had relationship tensions. Women with low symptoms were more laid back and had stronger support networks. Survey study, 2009 What are normal menstrual patterns in adolescent girls in Ethiopia? The median age of first period was 14.8 years, with 70% having cycles of 21-35 days. However, 75% had premenstrual symptoms and 72% had painful periods. Survey study, 2009 Does brain activity change across the menstrual cycle? Yes, brain activity in the prefrontal cortex shifts between different phases, with different sides of the brain being more active at different times. This is based on a small study. Survey study, 2009 Does the menstrual cycle affect how a girl's voice sounds or how she speaks? No, the study found no clear differences in voice pitch, intensity, speed of speech, or other vocal qualities between the two phases of the menstrual cycle. Cohort study, 2009 How common are menstrual migraines in teenage girls? About half of teenage girls who have started their period experience headaches around the time of menstruation. The pattern appears during adolescence and stays consistent once established. Lab study, 2009 Does a stress-reducing hormone work differently at puberty? Yes. In female mice, pregnanolone (a hormone that normally reduces anxiety) actually increases anxiety at puberty because the brain develops new receptors that respond to it differently. Survey study, 2009 Does skipping breakfast affect menstrual cramps and irregular periods? Yes. Women who skipped breakfast had worse menstrual cramps, irregular periods, and poor general health compared to those who ate breakfast. This was a survey where women reported their own habits, so we can't be sure breakfast directly causes these problems. Survey study, 2009 Does nutrition affect premenstrual syndrome in teenage girls? Girls with lower calcium and magnesium intake were more likely to have PMS. Overall nutritional status alone didn't show a clear relationship. Case report, 2009 Does the desogestrel-only pill help treat PMS in teenagers? In this one case, yes. A 13-year-old girl with PMS became symptom-free after three months on the desogestrel-only pill. Cohort study, 2009 Do balance and hearing tests change during different phases of the menstrual cycle? Yes. Some balance tests showed significant differences when women were tested before versus after menstruation, suggesting hormones affect balance function. Survey study, 2008 How many female medical students have painful periods and does it affect school attendance? Dysmenorrhea (painful periods) affected 73.83% of 107 female medical students. Of those with painful periods, 31.67% frequently missed school or classes. Survey study, 2008 How common are menstrual problems in teenage girls and how much do they affect daily life? Very common: 67.2% had painful periods, 63.1% had PMS symptoms, and 60% had daily routines disrupted. A quarter missed work and 17.24% missed school because of symptoms. Survey study, 2008 How common are menstrual problems among young women, and how much do they interfere with daily life? In this study of 112 undergraduate female medical students, 67% reported PMS and 33% reported severe period pain. These problems significantly interfered with school, with 54% needing extra rest and 50% unable to study. Randomised trial, 2008 How do different menstrual cycle phases affect attention, memory, and thinking skills? Yes. Sustained attention improved during the early luteal phase when progesterone is high, and spatial memory improved during ovulation when estrogen is high. Non-randomised trial, 2007 Can a birth control pill with ethinylestradiol and drospirenone reduce water retention in PMS? The pill significantly reduced total body water and extracellular water after 6 months. This was a small study without a placebo control, so we cannot be certain the improvement was due to the pill. Non-randomised trial, 2007 Can a herbal formula called kamishoyosan help PMDD symptoms? In this small pilot study, many women with PMDD improved after taking kamishoyosan, but it was not tested against a dummy treatment, so this is an early, less certain result. Survey study, 2007 Does reduced blood circulation cause premenstrual symptoms? Possibly. Women who had premenstrual symptoms showed decreased blood circulation during the second half of their cycle, but only 11 women had symptoms and the mechanism is unclear. Survey study, 2007 How common and how recognised is PMDD among young women? In this small study of Croatian students, 15 out of 87 women had PMDD, suggesting it may be more common than usually recognised, but this is from one small sample so it cannot tell us the true rate everywhere. Case report, 2007 Does Fluoxetine taken only during the luteal phase help PMDD in teenagers? Yes. One 17-year-old girl had complete resolution of her PMDD symptoms when she took Fluoxetine 20 mg daily during the luteal phase. This is a single case. Review, 2007 How should menstruation be managed in girls with severe learning disabilities? This is a review of therapeutic approaches for menstruation management in this population. The abstract does not specify which treatments are recommended. Survey study, 2007 Do girls with asthma have less PMS? Yes, girls with asthma had significantly lower PMS rates (20%) compared to girls without asthma (46.67%). Cohort study, 2006 How should severe period pain in teenagers be treated? Regular pain relief medication (NSAIDs) started before periods begin may help. In one teenager, severe pain improved from 8 out of 10 to 5 out of 10. Survey study, 2006 How common are PMS and period problems in teen girls, and do attitudes affect school attendance? Among urban teens, PMS is very common (84%) and period pain affects 65 percent. Girls with negative expectations about periods are significantly more likely to miss school and activities. Cohort study, 2006 Are menstrual symptoms linked to inflammation in the body? Yes. A marker of low-grade inflammation in the blood correlated with mood, behavior, and physical symptoms during the menstrual cycle, independent of body weight and hormone levels. Survey study, 2006 What are the common menstrual problems in teenagers and how should they be treated? Common problems include irregular periods, pain, and changes in bleeding. Early diagnosis and treatment are important to prevent these from becoming long-term problems. Survey study, 2006 How common is PMS in teenage girls and how severe are the symptoms? 31% of the teenage girls met the criteria for PMS. The most severe symptoms were mood swings, anxiety, and irritability, with the biggest problems at home. Survey study, 2006 What percentage of Japanese high school girls have PMDD or PMS, and what affects it? About 8.4% have PMDD and 18.5% have PMS. Stress, poor sleep, less exercise, irregular eating, and headaches may increase risk. Survey study, 2005 Does being a morning or evening person affect premenstrual symptoms? In university-age women, those who are evening types reported more mood swings and menstrual pain, but this pattern was not clear in younger teens. Sleep timing and cycle regularity showed some connections in certain regions. Survey study, 2005 Does the menstrual cycle affect obsessive-compulsive disorder symptoms? Yes, for some women. OCD started at menarche in 22% of women and worsened premenstrually in 20%. It worsened after childbirth in 50% of women who became pregnant. Survey study, 2005 Can menstruation trigger severe mental illness like psychosis? Yes. Medical case reports show that menstruation can trigger psychotic episodes in some women, particularly around the time of the period or repeatedly in cycles tied to the menstrual cycle. Randomised trial, 2005 Can the antidepressant fluoxetine help teenage girls with PMDD? In these 3 case reports, fluoxetine fully resolved PMDD symptoms in teenage girls treated for 2 years, but with no control group this cannot prove the drug caused the improvement. Cohort study, 2005 How common is PMS and how severe is it in young college women? More than half of college women (53%) met PMS diagnostic criteria, with 31.7% having severe symptoms. About 18% met criteria for PMDD, the most severe form. This is a high prevalence, though the study used convenience sampling in one country. Survey study, 2005 What are the main symptoms and impacts of severe period pain in teenage girls? The most common symptoms are cramps, tiredness, backache, swollen belly, and tender breasts. Teenagers with worse symptoms miss more school and take more painkillers. Lab study, 2004 Can a portable device accurately measure blood oxygen levels across the menstrual cycle? A portable device called Astrim can reliably measure blood oxygen levels using near-infrared light. Body temperature and hormone levels measured in urine increased in the premenstrual phase. Review, 2004 How can nurses help teenage girls with common period problems, including PMS? This article explains how nurses can better support teen girls with period problems like PMS, but it does not test or prove any treatment works, it is a guide for good care. Survey study, 2004 How common is PMS in teenage girls, and can diet help it? 61.4% of girls had PMS, mostly mild or moderate. The most common symptoms were stress and nervousness (87.6%). Girls who drank more milk reported less bloating and cramps. Study, 2004 Which adolescents have the most serious premenstrual symptoms? The study found two different patterns of symptoms. Adolescents with anxiety and anger had more severe symptoms and more school absences, while those with fatigue had less impact on their lives. Case report, 2003 What causes psychosis linked to the menstrual cycle in adolescents? Two cases showed acute psychosis in the days before menstruation that came and went with each cycle. One improved with a hormonal contraceptive, and the other improved on its own. The link may involve anovulation, which means not having regular ovulation. Survey study, 2003 How common is PMDD in women in Bosnia and Herzegovina and what are the most common symptoms? 52% of women in Bosnia and Herzegovina met diagnostic criteria for PMDD. The most common symptoms were depressed mood (68%) and breast swelling or weight gain (81.8%). Survey study, 2003 Is there a quick questionnaire to screen for severe PMS and PMDD? The PSST is a brief questionnaire that can identify women with severe PMS or PMDD in a clinic visit. It is faster and more practical than keeping a daily symptom diary for two cycles. Study, 2002 Do women singers experience larynx changes before their period? Yes. Women singers with improper voice technique had more extensive larynx changes before menses compared to healthy singers, and these changes improved after proper technique was adopted. Non-randomised trial, 2002 Does acetaminophen change body temperature and sleep in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle? No. Acetaminophen had no effect on the raised body temperature or altered sleep that normally occur during the luteal phase. This suggests that painkillers that block prostaglandins are not the reason for these luteal phase changes. Randomised trial, 2002 Does citalopram help women with PMS who did not respond to other antidepressants? Yes. 76% of women had significant symptom improvement and 41% experienced complete symptom remission, though this was a small study without blinding or a control group. Survey study, 2002 What causes period pain, endometriosis, and PMS in teenage girls, and what treatments work? Period pain affects 80-90% of adolescent girls and is caused by chemicals in the uterus and abnormal muscle contractions. Treatment starts with relaxation and pain relief drugs, or hormonal medications if needed. Review, 2002 Are women more likely to get depression, especially due to hormonal changes? Yes. Women have 1.7 to 2.7 times higher risk of depression in their lifetime compared to men, and hormonal changes around puberty, periods, and menopause increase that risk. Survey study, 2002 Do girls' attitudes about menstruation affect what symptoms they expect? Yes. Girls who view menstruation as negative expect more negative symptoms like cramps and mood swings. Girls who view it positively expect more positive experiences. Girls' expectations appear shaped by cultural attitudes rather than personal experience. Survey study, 2002 How do family, school, health, and relationships affect how teenage girls feel about themselves? Menstrual cycle phase, menstrual problems, family situation, and school type did not affect girls' self-esteem or depression. However, having a romantic partner markedly increased girls' self-evaluation. Non-randomised trial, 2002 Do verbal and spatial abilities change during the menstrual cycle? Spatial ability did not change across the cycle. Verbal working memory improved during periods of high estrogen, suggesting estrogen may enhance this type of verbal ability. Randomised trial, 2001 Do changing reproductive hormones disrupt the body's internal clock and cause mood disorders? The authors propose that reproductive hormones may disrupt the body's internal clock in susceptible women, but this is a theory not yet proven. Women have twice the rate of depression as men. Survey study, 2001 Can hormonal changes cause headaches? Yes. Hormonal changes from starting your period, pregnancy, birth control, menopause, and hormone therapy can cause or worsen headaches, especially migraines. These headaches are difficult to treat. Lab study, 2001 Do immune system cells change during the menstrual cycle? Yes, a key immune molecule called IL2 drops during the second half of the cycle. This might explain why some women get more infections before their period. Randomised trial, 2000 Can the herb St John's Wort (Hypericum perforatum) ease PMS symptoms? In this small early-stage study, women's PMS symptoms improved a lot while taking St John's Wort, but because there was no placebo group, we cannot be sure the herb itself caused the improvement. Survey study, 2000 What menstrual and gynecological problems do women with familial dysautonomia experience? Women with familial dysautonomia (a genetic nerve disorder) experience very high rates of premenstrual symptoms (81.2%) and often have delayed puberty. Some experience severe nervous system reactions during their menstrual cycle. Survey study, 2000 Why do some women get cold sores around their period? Women with recurrent cold sores have lower protective immune proteins and higher inflammation proteins throughout their cycle. This immune weakness suggests the virus reactivates more easily around the period. Study, 2000 What is normal for a girl's first period and early menstruation? The average age for the first period is 12.8 years. Early periods are often irregular and can take a year or more to settle into a regular pattern. Randomised trial, 2000 How common is sexual abuse history in women seeking treatment for severe PMS? Very common. Of 42 interviewed women, 95% reported at least one sexual abuse event, and 81% reported completed penetration against their will. Most also had undiagnosed post-traumatic stress disorder. Survey study, 2000 How do female hormones affect migraines and headaches? Estrogen withdrawal appears to trigger menstrually-related migraines rather than sustained high or low hormone levels. Migraines are much more common in adult women than in men. Survey study, 1999 Does education about PMS help reduce symptoms in teenage girls? Yes. Girls who received education about PMS reported significantly lower symptom scores 3 months later, while girls in the control group showed no change. Non-randomised trial, 1999 Does your menstrual cycle phase affect how alert and focused you stay during sleep deprivation? Yes, women in the follicular phase were less alert and performed worse on thinking tasks during sleep deprivation, especially at times when body temperature naturally dips. This is a small study without a comparison group. Review, 1999 How should doctors approach gynecological health care for adolescent girls with developmental disabilities? Doctors should use adapted examination techniques, pay special attention to menstrual hygiene and abnormalities, and address abuse prevention and behavioral changes related to the menstrual cycle. This requires patience and flexibility. Survey study, 1999 How do menstrual and premenstrual symptoms affect female military cadets? Almost all cadets' menstrual cycles changed during their first year. Many reported symptoms interfered with physical activities. Many also struggled to access, change, and dispose of menstrual products. Review, 1999 What do doctors need to consider when diagnosing menstrual problems in teenagers? Doctors must consider both physical causes and emotional or life factors, and conduct thorough exams and take detailed confidential histories. Survey study, 1999 Do women's voices change before their period? Yes. About one in three women experience voice problems starting 4-5 days before their period. When 97 women with this problem were given vitamins, blood flow medicines, and anti-swelling drugs, 84 improved. Survey study, 1999 How common is PMS in young women and teenagers? Very few young women met strict medical criteria for PMS, but many experienced premenstrual symptoms that significantly affected their daily lives and well-being. Many women had symptoms not formally diagnosed as PMS but still needed attention. Case report, 1998 Does how women manage anger affect how bad their PMS gets? No, not significantly. Women who coped with anger differently had similar PMS severity. But stress from work and family life was linked to worse PMS. Study, 1998 Is there a specific type of psychosis linked to the menstrual cycle in teenagers? Yes. Periodic menstruation-linked psychosis of adolescence appears to have a distinct presentation and requires different treatment than other forms of psychosis. Survey study, 1998 How common and severe are premenstrual symptoms in teenage girls? Premenstrual symptoms are nearly universal. 88% reported moderate or worse symptoms and 56% reported extreme severity. Older teenage girls had significantly more intense symptoms than younger ones. Survey study, 1998 Is anxiety related to premenstrual tension symptoms? Yes. Schoolgirls with high anxiety had more premenstrual tension symptoms. Survey study, 1997 Do menstrual cycle moods and symptoms affect school grades? Yes, but only slightly. Menstrual cycle symptoms predicted grades in 14% of cases premenstrually, 7% during menstruation, and 13% between periods, mostly negatively, though with some positive effects in certain subjects. Survey study, 1997 How common is asthma worsening related to the menstrual cycle? About 23 percent of female asthma patients in this study reported that their asthma got worse during their menstrual cycle, usually in the week before their period. This form of asthma was often more severe. Non-randomised trial, 1997 Does estrogen help asthma symptoms that worsen before periods? Yes. Taking estradiol significantly improved asthma symptoms and breathing difficulty in women with premenstrual asthma, though this very small study needs confirmation. Cohort study, 1997 Do migraines get worse at certain times in the menstrual cycle? Only 20% of the women showed a significant relationship between their menstrual cycle and migraines. For those who did, the menstrual cycle explained a substantial amount of their migraine patterns, but the study suggests fewer women are substantially affected than previously thought. Case-control study, 1996 Are women with PMS more angry or do they have different feelings of control than women without PMS? No clear difference in anger or feelings of control was found between women with and without PMS. However, 89% of women thought they had PMS when only 22% actually met the official diagnosis criteria. Survey study, 1996 Are women happy taking the birth control pill and what side effects do they experience? Most women are happy with the pill. Periods become shorter and lighter, though some experience weight gain and breast tenderness. Case report, 1995 Can sleep terrors and sleepwalking happen only before your period? Yes. Two cases showed sleep terrors and dangerous sleepwalking that happened exclusively before menstruation. Self-hypnosis helped both, and one also took a low dose of clonazepam. Cohort study, 1994 How common is premenstrual syndrome in teenage girls? PMS affects about 1 in 7 teenage girls (14%). Girls with PMS reported more anxiety, trouble concentrating, and poor health, though childhood factors did not predict who would develop it. Survey study, 1994 What symptoms do teenage girls experience, and do symptoms change during their menstrual cycle? Yes. Girls reported physical and emotional symptoms that were more intense during their period. Girls from the larger city reported more intense symptoms overall than girls from the medium-sized city. Survey study, 1994 What are normal menstrual patterns in teenage girls? Most had normal cycles. About 20% reported severe PMS and 17.2% had severe period pain. Survey study, 1993 Can an anxiety questionnaire help identify PMS in high school girls? The study tested whether an anxiety questionnaire could distinguish girls with and without PMS, but the abstract does not report the actual results. Survey study, 1993 Which menstrual symptoms are most common and how do lifestyle and age affect them? Bloating, backache, and headache are the most common. Symptoms vary significantly based on education level, whether you live in a city or rural area, age, and weight, suggesting both biology and lifestyle matter. Case report, 1993 Can extreme sleepiness around periods be linked to prolactin and a medication called metoclopramide? In one woman, severe sleepiness tied to her menstrual periods continued even after her periods stopped with metoclopramide, and this sleepiness was linked to high prolactin levels, but this is a single case and cannot tell us how common or treatable this is in general. Case report, 1993 Can hormone changes cause violent and sexually inappropriate behavior in girls? Possibly. The study found that peaks in one hormone (gonadotropin) happened at the same times as violent and sexually inappropriate behavior in two girls. When they received medicines to lower these hormones, their behavior improved markedly. Survey study, 1993 Do women with diabetes have different menstrual symptoms than women without diabetes? Yes. Women with diabetes reported changes in blood sugar around their period. They also had later periods starting in life, more irregular cycles, and less severe PMS compared to women without diabetes. Review, 1993 What mood disorders affect women and how should they be treated? Yes. Premenstrual depression is strongly linked to major depression and responds well to serotonin-boosting antidepressants. SSRIs are especially useful because they have few side effects and are safe even in overdose. Case-control study, 1992 Is premenstrual tension a risk factor for ovarian cancer? This study found that premenstrual tension is not a risk factor for ovarian cancer, though older age at menopause and hot flashes were associated with increased risk. Cohort study, 1992 What role do hormones play in mood problems linked to the menstrual cycle? Hormones can trigger mood problems in a small percentage of women who are vulnerable, often those with a history of depression. The menstrual cycle may act as a biological trigger in susceptible women. Case-control study, 1992 Does a depression-related blood marker change during the menstrual cycle? No, the study found no clear relationship between this blood marker and menstrual cycle phase, PMS symptoms, or hormone levels in healthy women. Survey study, 1991 How do stress hormones affect the menstrual cycle and PMS? Stress hormones in the brain can suppress the hormones needed for normal menstruation and ovulation. Changes in certain brain chemicals during the cycle may be linked to PMS symptoms, but evidence comes mainly from animal studies and theory rather than clinical trials. Survey study, 1990 Do hormonal changes during the menstrual cycle cause mood changes in healthy women? In healthy young women, hormone changes do not cause marked mood changes. Physical symptoms like breast tenderness and abdominal pain do occur, particularly before and during menstruation. Survey study, 1989 Are premenstrual symptoms as common as period pain in teenage girls? Premenstrual symptoms are very common in teenage girls (86%), as common as period pain (91%). Most girls don't know what causes these symptoms or how to treat them. Survey study, 1989 What premenstrual symptoms do adolescent girls experience? Almost all adolescent girls report premenstrual symptoms. Most commonly they experience physical discomfort, water retention, and fatigue, along with mood changes like depression and impulsive behavior. Lab study, 1989 Do women with severe premenstrual symptoms respond to stress differently? During mental tasks, women with mild or no severe symptoms showed smaller heart rate responses in the premenstrual phase than the postmenstrual phase, but women with severe symptoms did not. Survey study, 1989 Does exercise, rest, or vitamin B6 help PMS symptoms? Yes. Exercise, rest, and keeping a symptom diary helped over 80% of women who tried them. Review, 1987 How well do hormone-suppressing drugs work for treating gynaecological conditions? This review suggests that hormone-suppressing drugs called LHRH agonists work well for several gynaecological conditions and have few serious side effects, though larger studies are needed to compare which drugs and doses work best. Survey study, 1987 Are menstrual cycle features and premenstrual symptoms inherited? Menarche age, cycle regularity, and premenstrual symptom reporting may be inherited, but menstrual cycle length may not be. The findings should be interpreted cautiously. Survey study, 1985 Does drinking caffeine cause or worsen PMS? Heavy caffeine consumption is strongly linked to having PMS and worse symptoms, but this doesn't prove caffeine causes it. Cohort study, 1984 What affects menstrual patterns in teenage girls? Exercise and body fat did not affect menstrual regularity or pain. However, girls living at boarding school (away from home) were more likely to develop irregular cycles than girls living at home. Review, 1983 Does intense athletic training disrupt menstruation? Athletic training can disrupt periods, especially with significant weight loss and stress, though the causes are similar to non-athletes. This is a literature review, so certainty is limited. Survey study, 1982 Does how a girl experiences her first period affect her adult PMS symptoms? No. Negative memories of first menstruation had little effect on current menstrual attitudes or symptoms. Current attitudes about menstruation were more strongly linked to current symptoms. Survey study, 1982 What percentage of women have premenstrual tension symptoms? Half the women in the study had at least one type of premenstrual tension symptom. Anxiety and mood changes, and swelling and bloating, were the most common types. Survey study, 1981 Do teenage girls experience mood changes around their period? No. Teenage girls tested just before or during their period did not show different anxiety or depression levels compared to times tested at other parts of their cycle. A control group of teenage boys also showed no mood changes across time. Non-randomised trial, 1978 Does high prolactin cause severe period pain? High prolactin was found in 13 of 15 women with severe period pain, and most improved with treatment. We cannot be very sure because the sample was tiny and there was no control group. Survey study, 1978 What beliefs do young people have about menstruation before and after it starts? Young adolescents, even before their first period, believe menstruation brings physical discomfort, mood changes, and disrupted activities. These beliefs are largely negative and similar across pre-menarcheal girls, post-menarcheal girls, and boys. Survey study, 1977 Does self-actualization change during the menstrual cycle? One study found women's self-actualization scores were higher during menstruation than mid-cycle, but the sample was very small and the measurement is complex, so we cannot be sure this applies broadly. Survey study, 1975 Is migraine linked to menstrual hormones? Migraine is linked to the menstrual cycle in some women. Women with migraine have higher hormone levels during the cycle, but no specific hormone change triggers attacks. Survey study, 1964 How common are mood and physical changes around menstruation? Very common. One in nine women reported severe pain, irritability or headache, and one in four had moderate to severe premenstrual tension. Psychological symptoms were linked to personality traits related to anxiety. Study, 1943 What changes happen to young girls before their period? The study describes observations of young girls in the days before menstruation, though the specific findings are not fully stated in the available abstract. 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