Survey study, 2026
Do caffeine, sugar, stress, and nutritional awareness affect PMS?
High caffeine and sugar intake and stress are linked to worse PMS, while better nutritional awareness is linked to milder PMS. However, because people reported their own habits and symptoms, we cannot prove these factors cause PMS.
What they did
Cross-sectional study where researchers gave adult women questionnaires about their diet (caffeine and sugar), nutritional knowledge, stress levels, and PMS symptoms, then looked for relationships between these factors.
What they found
High caffeine and sugar consumption showed a significant positive correlation with increased PMS severity. Nutritional awareness showed a negative association with PMS. Higher perceived stress levels were significantly associated with more severe PMS.
What it means for you
This study shows these factors are connected to PMS, but it is observational and based on self-reported information. The study cannot prove that changing caffeine, sugar, or stress levels will reduce PMS. It only shows they appear related.
Positive
caffeine/sugar and PMS
Negative
nutrition and PMS
Positive
stress and PMS
About the study
- Original title
- EXPLORING THE IMPACT OF CAFFEINE AND SUGAR CONSUMPTION, NUTRITIONAL AWARENESS AND PERCEIVED STRESS ON PREMENSTRUAL SYNDROME AMONG ADULT WOMEN
- Authors
- Qurat Ul Ain, Andleeb Shakoor
- Journal
- Ghurki Journal of Medical and Health Sciences
- Year
- 2026
- Study design
- Survey study
- What was tested
- None (observational study)
- Open access
- Yes
- Read the paper
- doi.org/10.71000/5b57nn91
Topics
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