Survey study, 2025
What biological and cultural factors influence PMS and PMDD across different countries?
PMS and PMDD result from a combination of hormone changes, serotonin sensitivity, stress, poor diet, lack of physical activity, sleep problems, and cultural stigma around menstruation. Countries with stronger public health systems had better diagnosis and support.
What they did
Researchers reviewed scientific literature published between 2009 and 2025 about PMS and PMDD. They examined studies from different countries including Ethiopia, India, Malaysia, Jordan, and the United States to look at prevalence, risk factors, and management approaches.
What they found
Global PMS prevalence ranges from 30% to 90%, and PMDD affects a smaller but clinically significant proportion of women. Hormone changes (particularly in estrogen and progesterone), serotonin sensitivity, high stress, poor diet, lack of physical activity, and sleep disturbances all contributed to symptoms. Sociocultural influences including menstrual stigma, limited mental health literacy, and limited healthcare access significantly shaped symptom reporting and treatment-seeking.
What it means for you
PMS and PMDD are caused by multiple factors: hormones, stress, diet, exercise, sleep, and cultural attitudes. Better public health systems mean better diagnosis and support. The main limitation is the narrative review approach, which may not include all relevant studies.
30-90%
global PMS prevalence range
2009-2025
years reviewed
About the study
- Original title
- Factors influencing premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disorder in different countries Authors
- Authors
- Muhammad Daniel Bin Mohd Hisham
- Journal
- Special journal of the Medical Academy and other Life Sciences
- Year
- 2025
- Study design
- Survey study
- What was tested
- None; literature review
- Open access
- Yes
- Read the paper
- doi.org/10.58676/sjmas.v3i7.142
Topics
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