What health and lifestyle factors are linked to worse premenstrual symptoms?

Background: and Objectives: Premenstrual disorders (PMDs), including premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD), significantly affect women’s health, daily functioning, and overall quality of life. This study aimed to highlight the broad impact of PMDs, raise awareness and identify key contributing factors. Materials and Methods: A specifically designed questionnaire was disseminated across Europe via social media platforms and electronic communication channels. Data were collected between November 2023 and November 2024. Responses were analyzed using R Commander software to identify significant correlations between lifestyle, health history, and PMD symptoms. Results: Statistically significant relationships were identified between lifestyle factors and both physical and psychological symptoms, as well as in-creased likelihood of PMS diagnosis (p = 0.042). Early menarche was associated with more severe menstrual symptoms (p = 0.0128), and irregular cycles correlated with higher rates of PMS, PMDD, and related symptoms. Notably, 66.2% of respondents reported PMDs negatively affected daily activities. Health conditions such as headaches, chronic pain, diabetes, thyroid disorders, gynecological issues, and mood disorders were significantly associated with PMS symptoms, including swollen breasts and food cravings. A family history of PMS and mood disorders was present in 29 participants, with 13 having formal diagnoses. Conclusions: PMDs substantially impair quality of life and are linked to a range of biological, psychological, and lifestyle factors. Findings suggest a potential genetic component and underscore the necessity for personalized, multifaceted diagnostic and treatment approaches. These results advocate for heightened societal awareness and improved clinical practices to address the wide-reaching impacts of PMDs.

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