Survey study, 2020
Are negative feelings about fairness and menstruation linked to stronger premenstrual symptoms?
Yes. Women who feel their suffering from menstruation is unfair, and those with negative views of menstruation, report stronger premenstrual symptoms. The connections are clear.
What they did
Researchers surveyed 879 female high school students with regular menstrual cycles about their premenstrual symptoms, their sense of perceived injustice (feeling that suffering is unfair), and how they view menstruation.
What they found
A questionnaire measuring premenstrual symptoms was reliable and valid. Perceived injustice was linked to higher symptom scores. Negative views of menstruation were associated with stronger premenstrual symptoms.
What it means for you
A woman's feelings about fairness and her beliefs about menstruation may influence how severe her premenstrual symptoms feel. The study cannot prove these beliefs cause worse symptoms. This was a large study but only of teenagers in Japan.
1388
female students surveyed
879
girls with regular cycles analyzed
About the study
- Original title
- Psychometric Testing of the Premenstrual Symptoms Questionnaire and the Association Between Perceived Injustice and Premenstrual Symptoms: A Cross-Sectional Study Among Japanese High School Students
- Authors
- Takeda T, Yoshimi K, Yamada K
- Journal
- International journal of women's health
- Year
- 2020
- Study design
- Survey study
- Participants
- 1,388
- Open access
- Yes
- Read the paper
- doi.org/10.2147/ijwh.s269392
Topics
Related studies
Survey study, 2026
Does self-injury or difficult childhood experiences increase PMDD risk in adolescents?
Survey study, 2023
How common are PMS and PMDD among college girls, and what are their symptoms?
Lab study, 2026
Do core stability exercises help women with PMDD?
Cohort study, 2026
Does the menstrual cycle phase affect how much physical activity women do?
Survey study, 2025
What psychological and personal factors predict which university students will develop premenstrual syndrome?
Survey study, 2024
How much do Indonesian 9th graders know about PMS and what are their attitudes?